Unit 1: Orientation to the Body Flashcards
- List and describe the characteristics of living things
Characteristics of life
1) homeostasis
2) cellular composition
3) use raw materials and remove waste products
4) metabolism (use energy)
5) responsiveness to environment
6)development (growth or differentiation)
7) reproduction
8) evolution
- List the levels of organization of matter in the body in order. (Start with the smallest level and work through to the biggest level).
A. Chemicals: Atoms combine to form molecules.
B. Cells: Molecules combine to form the smallest unit of all living things.
C. Tissues: Groups of similar cells with a common function.
D. Organs: Structure composed of two or more tissue types with a common function.
E. Organ systems: Group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose.
F. Full organism
Anatomy
The study of the structure and the shape of the body and body parts.
(Form)
Physiology
Study of the function of the body and its body parts
(Function)
Name the four organ systems.
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
- Describe the major functions and components of the following systems of the body: Integumentary.
Skin with all its associated structures.
-Hair
-Nails
-Sweat Glands
-Oil glands
-Epidermis and Dermis
-Nerves (receptors)
Functions:
-Waterproof barrier (prevents dehydration)
-Cushions and protects the body
-Regulates body temperature
+Fat insulation
+Shivering,
+goosebumps
-Blood flow
-Creates Vitamin D
-UV protection
-Self healing
-Detection of pressure, pain etc.
-Communication
- Describe the major functions and components of the following systems of the body: Skeletal.
-Bone
-Cartilage
-Ligaments
-Joints
Functions:
-Support
-Protects organs
-Framework for movement
-pH balance
-Hematopoiesis (make blood cells)
-Mineral storage
- Describe the major functions and components of the following systems of the body: Muscular.
Muscles
Tendons
Functions:
-Muscles shorten and contract to produce movement.
-Body temperature regulation
-Protection
- Describe the major functions and components of the following systems of the body: Nervous.
-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves
-Sensory Receptors
Functions:
-Fast acting control system that sends electrochemical messages
-Sensory input
-Integration
-Motor output
- Describe anatomical position for the human body. Explain the importance of using anatomical position as a reference point when using anatomical terminology.
Anatomical Position: Body erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, palms facing forward.
Superior
Superior (Cranial/Cephalic):Toward the head or upper part; above.
Posterior
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward or at the backside of the body; rear.
Inferior
Inferior (Caudal) Away from head; towards the lower part; below.
Anterior
Anterior (Ventral): Toward or at the front of the body.
Medial:
Medial: Towards the midline.
Lateral:
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Proximal:
Proximal: Closer to the origin or point of attachment.
Distal:
Distal: Farther from the origin or point of attachment.
Superficial:
Superficial: Towards or at the body surface.
Deep:
Deep: Away from the body surface.
Regional Terms:
Anterior
Anterior
Axillary: Armpit
Acromial: tip/point of shoulder
Brachial: Arm
Carpal: Wrist
Cervical: Neck
Digital: Fingers or toes
Femoral: Thigh
Frontal: forehead
Orbital: Eye area
Patellar: Kneecap
Tarsal: Ankle
Thoracic: chest/rib cage
Pectoral: breast
Anterior
Axillary:
Anterior
Axillary: Armpit
Anterior
Acromial:
Anterior
Acromial: tip/point of shoulder
Anterior
Brachial:
Anterior
Brachial: Arm
Anterior
Carpal:
Anterior
Carpal: Wrist
Anterior
Cervical:
Anterior
Cervical: Neck
Anterior
Digital:
Anterior
Digital: Fingers or toes
Anterior
Femoral:
Anterior
Femoral: Thigh
Anterior
Frontal:
Anterior
Frontal: forehead
Anterior
Orbital:
Anterior
Orbital: Eye area
Anterior
Patellar:
Anterior
Patellar: Kneecap
Anterior
Tarsal:
Anterior
Tarsal: Ankle
Anterior
Thoracic:
Anterior
Thoracic: chest/rib cage
Anterior
Pectoral:
Anterior
Pectoral: breast
Posterior
Dorsal:
Posterior
Dorsal: back
Posterior
Plantar:
Posterior
Plantar: sole of foot
Posterior
Deltoid:
Posterior
Deltoid: shoulder
Posterior
Gluteal:
Posterior
Gluteal: Buttock, rump
Posterior
Lumbar:
Posterior
Lumbar: Lower back
(between ribs and hips)
Posterior
Occipital:
Posterior
Occipital: Back of head
Sagittal:
Sagittal: an imaginary line that divides the body into right and left parts.
Transverse:
Transverse: An imaginary line the divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Frontal
Frontal (Coronal): An imaginary line which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
homeostasis
-Definition: the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes.
-Dynamic equilibrium
Homeostasis is maintained by …
negative feedback
Negative feedback ________________ from the norm.
decreases any deviation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptor (sensor) - detects problem
Sensory pathway (brings info to control center)
Control/Integration center (Brain and Spinal Cord) – figures out what to do
Motor Pathway (From
Control Center)
Effector (Response) – return to equilibrium
Receptor (sensor)
Receptor (sensor) - detects problem
Sensory pathway
Sensory pathway (brings info to control center)
Control/Integration center
Control/Integration center (Brain and Spinal Cord) – figures out what to do
Motor Pathway
Motor Pathway (From Control Center)
Effector
Effector (Response) – return to equilibrium
Negative Feedback Mechanisms Example
Example: Blood pressure
+Carotid Bodies (receptors) – detect high blood pressure
+Sensory nerves (pathway) – carry info. to brain
+Cardioregulatory center in brain
+Motor nerves (pathway)
+Heart (Effector) – beat slower to reduce blood pressure
Choke Hold example
