Unit 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards
Five functions of the bone
1) Support
2) Storage of minerals
3) Manufacture of blood cells
4) Protection
5) Leverage
Bones can be divided into six different categories according to their shape:
1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones
6) Sutural bones
a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large _____
sesamoid bones
Any of several irregular bones that are located along the sutures of the cranium, particularly those bones related to the parietal bone.
sutural bones ( wormian bone)
There are two forms of bone tissue in the human skeleton
Compact Bone (or dense bone) Spongy Bone (or cancellous bone)
The structure of a typical long bone is made up of:
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (end)
Metaphysis (interconnection zone)
The innermost part of a long bone, which is surrounded by compact bone, is known as the
Medullary cavity
the _____ of long bones form joints with other adjacent bones.
epiphysis
the portion of the epiphysis which forms a joint is coated with a hyaline cartilage called the
articular carilage
4 characteristics of Bones
- Bone matrix is dense and contains calcium salts
- Osteocytes (bone cells) are contained in the lacunae of the bone matrix
- Canaliculi form branching networks through bone matrix, connecting lacunae to nearby blood vessels
- The outer surface of bone, expect at joints, are covered by periosteum
bone cells
osteocytes
any of the bones that contribute to the height or length of an extremity, particularly the bones of the legs and arms.
long bones
bones that occur in clusters and usually permit movement of the extremities, such as the carpals and tarsals.
short bones
A bone having a thin, flattened shape, as the scapula.
flat bones
Any of a group of bones having peculiar or complex forms, such as the vertebrae.
irregular bones
Also known as lacrimal ducts, these tube-like structures carry the tears from the eyes to the lacrimal sac.
canaliculi
a specialized connective tissue covering all bones and having bone-forming potentialities.
periosteum
The compact noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. Also called compact substance.
compact bone
Bone in which the spicules form a latticework, with interstices filled with embryonic connective tissue or bone marrow.
Any of the turbinate bones.
spongy bone (cancellous bone, tracbecular bone)
A small curved bone that extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal passage in humans and other animals.
turbinate bone
a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that together perform certain special functions.
osseous tissue
bone growth in length
interstital growth
bone growth in diameter
appositional growth
A childhood condition caused by serious vitamin D deficiency. This lacking in vitamin D results in weak, soft bones, along with slowed growth and skeletal development.
Rickets
reduction in bone mass .
It occurs when bones lose an excessive amount of their protein and mineral content, particularly calcium. Over time, bone mass, and therefore bone strength, is decreased. As a result, bones become fragile and break easily.
Osteoporosis
cranial bones
Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone
forms the anteriour base of the cranium
sphenoid bone
forms the anteriour portions of the floor of the cranium roof of sinus
ethmoid bone
scroll shaped plates that increase the surface area of nasal mucosa and breaks up airflow in the nasal cavity, creating swirls and turbulence. It is covered by mucus and cilia, and is highly vascular to warm the incoming air;
conchae
: part of the ethmoid bone forming the roof of the nasal cavity, allowing a passageway for the olfactory nerves;
cribiform plate
ach Temporal bone contains
a Styloid Process and a Mastoid Process;
acts as an attachment for muscles of the tongue and hyoid bone
styloid process
acts as an attachment for the sternocleidomastoid
mastoid process
forming the upper jaw and palate of the mouth.
forms the upper jaw by fusing together two irregularly-shaped bones along the palatal fissure.
Anterior face
Maxillary Bones (2)
Posterior third of hard palate and portion
of orbits and nasal cavity
Palatine Bones(2)
Nose
nasal bone (2)
Creates turbulence in nasal cavity and increases
surface area to promote warming and humidification
of inhaled air
inferiour nasal conchae (2)
Cheek bone
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Sacs collect tears and drain tears onto face
and nasal cavity
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Lower jaw bone
Mandible (1)
Supports the tongue and provides attachment for
muscles used in swallowing and speaking
Hyoid Bone (1)
Lower part of the nasal septum. If the septum sits closer
to one side than the other, you may have
a deviated septum
Vomer (1)
There are four spinal curves:
1) Cervical Curve
2) Thoracic Curve
3) Lumbar Curve
4) Sacral Curve
The thoracic and sacral curves are known as the ______ because they are the only curves present in a newborn.
primary curves
The cervical and lumbar curves are known as the _______ because they only appear until several months after birth.
secondary curves
Three pathological disorders of the spine are:
lordosis
kyphosis
scoliosis
excessive lumbar curvature
lordosis
excessive thoracic curvature
kyphosis
adnormal lateral curvature
scoliosis
the physical structure of a person or an animal, including the bones, flesh, and organs.
body
stub of bone that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch. Two short, stout processes extend from the sides of the vertebral body and joins with broad flat plates of bone (laminae) to form a hollow archway that protects the spinal cord.
pedicle
is the flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal; the posterior part of the spinal ring that covers the spinal cord or nerves.
lamina
The posterior part of a vertebra forms ______ in eleven parts, consisting of two pedicles, two laminae, and seven processes. The laminae give attachment to the ligamenta flava.
vertebral arch
the curved rear (dorsal) section of a vertebra, enclosing the canal through which the spinal cord passes.
neural arch
The shock-absorbing structure between each vertebra. The disc has a thick outer layer (annulus) that surrounds the soft gel-like center (nucleus). Act as cushions in between vertebrae. The spinal canal, containing the spinal nerves, lies directly behind the disc and the vertebral bodies.
Intervertebral discs
are projections of bone to which back muscles attach.
spinous and transverse processes
bony protrusion from the back of a vertebrae bone in the spin
transverse processes
directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments
spinous processes
is a foramen between two spinal vertebrae. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all have ______
intervertebral foramen
the opening formed by a neural arch through which the spinal cord passes.
VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward.
superior processes
project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward.
inferior processes
There are two primary functions of the thoracic cage:
1) protection
2) attachment point for muscles involved in respiration
The human skeleton is comprised of 12 pairs of ribs. These pairs can be broken down into three types:
true ribs;
false ribs; and
floating ribs.
The components of the rib are:
head;
neck;
tubercle; and
costal groove.
a rib that is attached directly to the breastbone.
articulate directly with the sternum
true rib
the eleventh and twelfth pair of ribs which are only connected to a person’s backbone and not to the sternum. They’re not even connected to other ribs, as the false ribs are.
floating rib
does not attach to the sternum (the breastbone)
false rib
The sternum, or breastbone, has three components:
the manubrium: the widest and most superior portion,
the body: the mid-piece, and
the xipoid process: the smallest and most inferior portion.
a groove along the inferior margin of the superior rib that accommodates the intercostal nerves and associated major arteries and veins.
costal groove
The knob on which a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.
tubercle
the end part of the rib closest to the spine with which it articulates.
head
the flattened part of the rib that extends laterally from the head.
neck
the widest and most superior portion of the sternum
manubrium
the mid-piece of the sternum
the body
the smallest and most inferior portion of the sternum
xipoid process
There are three ways in which the thoracic cavity can expand in order to decrease intrathoracic pressure and initiate breathing.
1) transverse diameter: increased by the ribs swinging outward;
2) anteroposterior diameter: sternal body hinged at the sternal angle swinging out; and
3) vertical diameter: descent and flattening of the dome of the diaphragm.
increased by the ribs swinging outwards
transverse diameter
sternal body hinged at the sternal angle swining out
anteroposterior diameter
decent and flattening of the dome of the diaphragm
vertical diameter
The components of the pectoral girdle are further described as:
Clavicle : Acts as the shoulder strut.
Scapula : Helps to provide thoracic protection and provides shoulder muscle attachment.
Acts as the shoulder strut.
Clavicle
Helps to provide thoracic protection and provides shoulder muscle attachment.
Scapula
The components of the upper limbs are further described as:
Humerus: Upper arm bone or brachium.
Ulna and Radius: Forearm bones which pronate and supinate.
Carpals: There are 8 carpals, or wrist bones. They form two rows of 4 bones. The proximal row consists of the scapoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pistiform bones. The distal carpal bones are the trapezium (thumb), trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.
Metacarpals: Are number I to V from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side.
Phalanges: 14 bones form the phalanges, or fingers. Each finger contains 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), and the pollex, or thumb, has two phalanges (proximal and distal).
Upper arm bone or brachium.
humerus
Forearm bones which pronate and supinate.
ulna and Radium
There are 8 carpals, or wrist bones. They form two rows of 4 bones. The proximal row consists of the
scapoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pistiform bones.
The distal carpal bones are the
trapezium (thumb), trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.
Are number I to V from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side.
Metacarpals
14 bones form the phalanges, or fingers. Each finger contains 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), and the pollex, or thumb, has two phalanges (proximal and distal).
Phalanges
The tendons and muscles that flex the fingers extend across the wrist, between the intercarpal ligaments and the flexor retinaculum. Inflammation in this area can compress the tendons and cause pain, leading to the development of
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Each “hip bone” is formed by the fusion of three bones
an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis.
The pelvis consists of the two “hip bones”
sacrum, and coccyx
The female pelvis has:
an enlarged pelvic outlet (increased distance between ischial tuberosities);
a wider more circular pelvic outlet (different orientation of ischial tuberosities);
there is less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx, and they are more horizontal; and
the bones are thinner and lighter.
The lower limb bones consist of
femur, a patella, a tibia, a fibula, and the bones of the ankle and foot.
The components of the lower limb are further described as:
Femur: Upper leg bone and longest bone.
Patella: Knee cap and is a sesamoid bone.
Tibia and Fibula: The tibia is the second longest bone and it articulates with the femur at the knee joint. It bears the body weight. The fibula provides substantial support to the ankle joint. There is an interosseous membrane between the two bones.
Tarsals: seven tarsal bones. Talus (ankle articulation), calcaneus (heel bone), cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms: medial, intermediate and lateral. The three cuneiform are part of the transverse arch.
Metatarsals: Are number I to V, starting from the Hallux (big toe). They form an arch.
Phalanges: There are 14 bones. Numbered similarly to the phalanges in the upper limb. The phalanges provide stability rather than movement.
Upper leg bone and longest bone.
femur
Knee cap and is a sesamoid bone.
patella
the second longest bone and it articulates with the femur at the knee joint. It bears the body weight.
tibia
provides substantial support to the ankle joint
fibula
ankle articulation
talus
heel bone
calcaneus
three cuneiforms
medial, intermediate and lateral. The three cuneiform are part of the transverse arch.
Are number I to V, starting from the Hallux (big toe). They form an arch.
Metatarsals
There are 14 bones. Numbered similarly to the phalanges in the upper limb. The phalanges provide stability rather than movement.
Phalanges
There are two types of arches along the foot
longitudinal arch and the transverse arch.
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, metatarsals I, II, III
medial arch
Calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsals IV, V
lateral arch
is formed by the calcaneonavicular ligament and the tibialis posterior tendon.
spring ligament
When this normal arch is lost, it results in the condition known as
flat foot
extends across the medial-to-lateral portion of the foot.
3 cuneiforms bones
Transverse Arch
