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1050-Bio > UNIT 2 (Sept. 18): BASIC ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION, HISTOLOGY and TISSUES > Flashcards

UNIT 2 (Sept. 18): BASIC ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION, HISTOLOGY and TISSUES Flashcards

1
Q

difference between anatomy and physiology

A

anatomy = study of structure, physiology = study of function

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2
Q

palpatation

A

feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a lymph node or pulse

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3
Q

ausculation

A

listen to natural sounds made by body

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4
Q

percussion

A

examiner taps on body, feel for abnormal resistance or emitted sounds for abnormalities of pockets of fluid, air, scar tissue

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5
Q

dissection

A

carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships

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6
Q

cadaver

A

dead human body

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7
Q

comparative anatomy

A

study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

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8
Q

exploratory surgery

A

opening the body to see whats inside for something wrong or what could be done

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9
Q

medical imaging

A

methods of viewing the inside of body without surgery

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10
Q

radiology

A

branch of medicine concerned with medical imaging

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11
Q

gross anatomy

A

structures that can be seen with the naked eye, whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection

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12
Q

histology

A

microscopic anatomy

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13
Q

histopathology

A

microscopic examination of tissues for signs and diseases

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14
Q

cytology

A

study of the structure and function of individual cells

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15
Q

ultrastructure

A

fine detail down to molecule level revealed by the electron microscope

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16
Q

neurophysiology

A

physiology of nervous system

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17
Q

endocrinology

A

physiology of hormones

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18
Q

pathophysiology

A

mechanisms of disease

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19
Q

comparative physiology

A

study of how different species have solved problems of life (water balance, reproduction)

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20
Q

anatomical position

A

standing upright with flat feet on floor, arm at sides, palms and face directed forward

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21
Q

prone

A

laying face down

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22
Q

supine

A

laying face up

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23
Q

frontal plane

A

plane in anatomical position that splits the body front and back from shoulder to shoulder, lengthwise head to toe

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24
Q

sagittal plane

A

passes vertically though the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions eg pelvic and head

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25
Q

transverse plane

A

plane in anatomical position that splits the body from top to bottom, at the midsection (elbow, navel)

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26
Q

section implies

A

an actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy

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27
Q

plane implies

A

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

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28
Q

median plane

A

aka midsagittal plane, a sagittal plane that divded the body or organ into equal halves

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29
Q

parasagittal plane

A

when a sagittal plane are off centre and divide body into unequal portions

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30
Q

frontal plane

A

aka coronal plane; extends vertically, but perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior positions eg throracic cavities

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31
Q

anterior

A

front

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32
Q

posterior

A

back

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33
Q

transverse plane

A

aka horizontal plane; pass across body or organ perpendicular to its long axis; divides the body or organ in superior and inferior portions - eg CT scan

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34
Q

superior

A

upper

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35
Q

inferior

A

lower

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36
Q

ventral

A

toward the front or belly ; aorta is ventral to vertebral column

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37
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back or spine; vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta

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38
Q

anterior

A

body region that leads way in locomotion; toward ventral side (front); sternum is anterior to heart

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39
Q

posterior

A

region of body that comes last in local motion; toward dorsal side; esophagus is posterior to trachea

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40
Q

cephalic

A

toward head or superior end;brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube

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41
Q

rostral

A

towards forehead or nose; forebrain is rostral to the brainstem

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42
Q

caudal

A

toward tail or inferior end;spinal cord is caudal to brain

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43
Q

superior

A

above;heart is superior to diaphragm

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44
Q

inferior

A

below; liver is inferior to diaphragm

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45
Q

medial

A

toward median plane; heart is medal to the lungs

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46
Q

lateral

A

away from median plane; eyes are lateral to nose

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47
Q

proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment or origin; elbow is proximal to the wrist

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48
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin or attachment; the fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers

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49
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side of the body (right/left); liver is ipsilateral to the appendix

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50
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides of the body (right/left); spleen is contralateral to the liver

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51
Q

superficial

A

closer to the body surface; skin is superficial to the muscles

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52
Q

deep

A

farther from the body surface; the bones are deep to the muscles

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53
Q

dorsum

A

upper surface of the foot and back of the hand

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54
Q

axial region

A

head, neck (cervical region), and trunk

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55
Q

trunk

A

thoracic region and abdominal region

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56
Q

four quadrants of abdomen

A

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

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57
Q

nine regions of abdomen

A

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region

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58
Q

midclavicular line

A

vertical line that passes through midpoint of clavicle/collarbone and are two lines that distinguish the nine regions of the abdomen

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59
Q

subcostal line

A

superior horizontal line that dissects the abdominal regions, named because it connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages (cartilage connecting tenth rib on each side to inferior end of the sternum)

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60
Q

intertubicular line

A

inferior horizontal line of abdominal region; named because it passes from left to right between the tubercles (anterior superior spines) of the pelvis-two points of bone located about where the front pockets open on most pants

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61
Q

three abdominal pubic regions

A

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

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62
Q

three abdominal lateral regions

A

hypochondriac, lumbar, inguinal

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63
Q

appendicular region

A

upper and lower limbs/appendages or extremities

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64
Q

brachial region

A

arm

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65
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

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66
Q

carpal region

A

wrist

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67
Q

fingers

A

digits

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68
Q

femoral region

A

thigh

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69
Q

crural region

A

leg

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70
Q

tarsal region

A

ankle

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71
Q

toes

A

digits

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72
Q

arm

A

refers only to that part of the upper limb between shoulder and elbow

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73
Q

leg

A

only to part of the lower limb between knees and ankle

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74
Q

segment

A

segment of a limb is a region between one joint and the next

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75
Q

viscera

A

organs contained in body cavities

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76
Q

visceral layer

A

inner body cavity membrane layer against the organ

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77
Q

parietal layer

A

superficial/outer layer membrane of body cavity

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78
Q

4 major body cavities

A

cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

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79
Q

cranial cavitiy

A

enclosed by cranium; contains the brain; membranous lining is meninges

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80
Q

meninges

A

three fibrous membranes between the central nervous system and surrounding bone - dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

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81
Q

vertebral canal

A

enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the spinal cord.

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82
Q

what separates the trunk of your body from the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

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83
Q

thoracic cavity

A

has three cavities, one mediastinum that contains heart, esophagus and trachea, and two pleural cavities that contain the lungs

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84
Q

mediastinum

A

region between the lungs, extending form base of the next to diaphragm. occupied by heart, major blood vessels connected to it, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi, and a gland called the thymus

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85
Q

pericardium

A

two layered membrane that enfolds heart; parietal layer and visceral later are separated by a space called the pericardial cavity, lubricated by pericardial fluid

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86
Q

caridac tamponade

A

when fluid puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from refilling

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87
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane that enfolds the lungs; visceral pleura (external surface of the lung), parietal pleura (lines inside of rib cake, lubricated by pleura fluid

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88
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

cavity that contains abdominal cavity(superiorly) and pelvic cavity (inferiorly), contains the peritoneum

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88
Q

pelvic cavity

A

spaced enclosed by the true(lesser) pelvis, containing the urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs

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89
Q

peritoneum

A

two layered serous membrane with the parietal peritoneum (outer), visceral peritoneum (inner layer, peritoneal cavity which is filled with peritoneal fluid

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90
Q

retroperitoneal position

A

position of organs in abdominal cavity when they are against the posterior body wall are covered by peritoneum facing the peritoneal cavity

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91
Q

intraperitoneal positions

A

organs in abdominal cavity that are encircled by peritoneum and connected to the posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets

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92
Q

mesentry

A

visceral peritoneum at points when it forms a translucent, membranous curtain suspending and anchoring the viscera

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93
Q

serosa

A

mesentry at points where it enfolds and covers the outer surfaces of organs such as the stomach and small intestines

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94
Q

posterior mesentery

A

mesentery that suspends intestines from the posterior/dorsal abdominal wall

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95
Q

mesocolon

A

posterior mesentery of large intenstine

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96
Q

anterior mesentery

A

mesentery on the anterior body wall

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97
Q

great omentum

A

anterior mesentery - fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the interfolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestines; unattached at its inferior border and can be lifted to reveal the intestines

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98
Q

lesser omentum

A

anterior mesentery - extends from the superomedial margin of the stomach to the liver

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99
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum; serious cause = perforation in digestive tract; can shift fluid into abdominal cavity which can cause severe electrolyte imbalances

100
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation??

A

widespread blood clotting?

101
Q

potential spaces

A

spaces between body membranes that under normal conditions would have no actual space between them

102
Q

lumen

A

internal space of a hollow organ such as a blood vessel or the esophagus or a space surrounded by secretory cells as in a gland acinus

103
Q

12 organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, digestive, male reproductive, female reproductive

104
Q

integumentary system

A

principal organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
principal functions: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin d synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

105
Q

skeletal system

A

principal organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments
principal functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance

106
Q

muscular system

A

principal organs: skeletal muscles
principal functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

107
Q

lymphoid system

A

principal organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
principal functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, production of immune cells, defense against disease

108
Q

respiratory system

A

principal organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
principal functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

109
Q

urinary system

A

principal organs: kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
principal functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

110
Q

nervous system

A

principal organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
principal functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation

111
Q

endocrine system

A

principal organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
principal functions: hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination

112
Q

circulatory system

A

principal organs: heart, blood vessels
principal function: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance

113
Q

digestive system

A

principal organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
principal functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood

114
Q

male reproductive system

A

principal organs: testes, epididiymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, penis
principal functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones

115
Q

female productive system

A

principal organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
principal function: production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones

116
Q

systems of intake and output

A

respiratory, digestive and urinary systems

117
Q

systems of reproduction

A

male and female reproductive systems

118
Q

systems of fluid transport

A

circulatory and lymphatic systems

119
Q

system of internal communication and control

A

nervous and endocrine system

120
Q

system of protection, support, and movement

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular systems

121
Q

axial region

A

pertaining to the head, neck and trunk of body

122
Q

appendicular region

A

pertaining to the limbs and their supporting skeletal girdles

123
Q

anterior axial contains which regions

A

cephalic, facial, cervical, thoracic, umbilical, abdominal, inguinal, pubic

124
Q

posterior axial contains which regions

A

cranial, nuchal, interscapular, scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal

125
Q

anterior appendicular contains which regions

A

coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, tarsal, dorsum, plantar, acromial, axillary, brachial, cubital, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, manus, pollex, phalanges

126
Q

posterior appendicular

A

popliteal, calcaneal, olecranon, pedal

127
Q

cephalic

A

top front of head

128
Q

facial

A

front face of head

129
Q

cervical

A

front of neck

130
Q

thoracic

A

front upper torso (below neck above abdominal

131
Q

umbilical

A

belly button

132
Q

abdominal

A

front below ribs, above legs

133
Q

inguinal

A

left and right side of front groin

134
Q

pubic

A

front mid groin

135
Q

cranial

A

back of head

136
Q

nuchal

A

back of neck

137
Q

interscapular

A

between shoulder blades

138
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blades

139
Q

vertebral

A

mid spine, below scapular

140
Q

lumbar

A

lower back

141
Q

sacral

A

bottom of spine above tail bone

142
Q

gluteal

A

butt

143
Q

perineal

A

low groin, urethra/anal region

144
Q

coxal

A

hips

145
Q

femoral

A

thigh

146
Q

patellar

A

knee

147
Q

crural

A

calf+shin

148
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

149
Q

plantar

A

sole/bottom of foot

150
Q

dorsum

A

top of foot

151
Q

acromial

A

shoulder/deltoid

152
Q

axillary

A

armpit

153
Q

brachial

A

bicep/tricep

154
Q

cubital

A

inner elbow

155
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

156
Q

carpal

A

wrist

157
Q

palmar

A

palm

158
Q

manus

A

hand

159
Q

pollex

A

thumb

160
Q

phalanges

A

digits/fingers/toes

161
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

162
Q

calcaneal

A

heel

163
Q

olecranon

A

back of elbow

164
Q

pedal

A

foot

165
Q

oblique plane

A

plane of section on an odd (non even) angle

166
Q

inductive method

A

process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from the,

167
Q

hypotehtico-deductive method

A

investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis

168
Q

hypothesis

A

educated speculation or possible answer to a question; if-then prediction

169
Q

2 traits of a good hypothesis

A

consistent with what is already know, and capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence, if nothing can prove it wrong it cant be scientific

170
Q

falsifiability

A

if claimed something is scientifically true, must be able to specify what evidence would take to prove it wrong. if nothing can prove it wrong it cant be scientific

171
Q

sample size

A

number of subjects used in a study

172
Q

controls

A

subjects that are same as those being treated except without the treatment for comparison

173
Q

psychosomatic effects

A

effects the mind has on one’s physiology

174
Q

placebo

A

substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

175
Q

double blind method

A

to remove experimenter bias, the test subjects and researcher looking at the data don’t know who is being treated and who is giving the placebo

176
Q

peer review

A

critical evaluation by other experts in that field

177
Q

scientific fact

A

information that can be independently verified by any trained person

178
Q

law of nature

A

generalization about predictable ways in which matter and energy behave; result of inductive reasoning based on repeated confirmed observations; law of complimentary base pairing and a mathematical formula

179
Q

theory

A

explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses

180
Q

evolution

A

change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

181
Q

natural selection

A

some individuals in a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors that enable them to produce more offspring

182
Q

stereoscopic vision provides

A

depth position due to facing forward

183
Q

reductionism

A

theory that large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components

184
Q

holism

A

theory that there are emergent properties of whole organisms that cant be predicted from the properties of it separate parts; more than the sum of their parts

185
Q

4 primary categories of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular tissue

186
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

histology; study of tissues and how they are arranged

187
Q

epithelial tissue

A

epithelium; tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion and absorption ; locations: epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver and other glands; avascular as no room for blood vessels

188
Q

connective tissue

A

tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and to bind other tissues and organs to each other; tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bone, blood

189
Q

matrix

A

composed of fibrous proteins and ground substance/extracellular material that surrounds the cells of a tissue; fluid within a mitochondrion containing enzymes of the citric acid cycle; substance or framework within which other structures are embedded such as fibrous matrix of a blood clot; mass of epidermal cells from which a hair root or nail root develops

190
Q

nervous tissue

A

tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells; brain, spinal cord, nerves

191
Q

muscular tissue

A

tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction; skeletal muscles, heart (cardiac muscle), walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

192
Q

generally what are the two things tissues are made of

A

cells and matrix

193
Q

ground substance

A

clear gel that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones and other chemicals; medium from which all cells obtain their internal needs and release their materials in; can be rubbery and tony in bone/cartilage; aka tissue fluid, extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid

194
Q

primary germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - three tissue layers of early embryo from which all later tissues and organs arise

195
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of primary germ layers; gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

196
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer of primary germ layers; gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands + more

197
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of primary germ layers; more loosely organized cells; turns into mesenchyme

198
Q

mesenchyme

A

composed of fine wispy collagen fibres and mesenchymal cells embedded in ground substance; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, blood and more

199
Q

histological sections

A

thin slices of tissues

200
Q

fixative

A

chemical such as formalin that prevents decay

201
Q

longitudinal section

A

tissue cut on long axis

202
Q

cross section

A

tissue cut perpendicular to long axis

203
Q

oblique section

A

section cut on a slant

204
Q

six main functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensation

205
Q

basement membrane

A

anchor for epithelium to connecting tissue

206
Q

three surface directions of epithelial cell

A

basal (toward basement membrane), apical surface (toward inner cavity/body surface), lateral service (sidewall of a cell)

207
Q

two broad categories of epithelia

A

simple and stratified (cells on top and dont contact basement

208
Q

simple epithelium

A

every cell anchored to basement membrane

209
Q

stratified epithelium

A

some cells rest on top of other cells and dont connect with basement membrane

210
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

simple epithelium that appears stratified but each cells are connected with basement membrane

211
Q

squamous

A

triangle/pyramid shape

212
Q

cuboidal

A

cube like shape

213
Q

columnar

A

long/column

214
Q

8 main functions of connective tissues

A

binding of organs, support, physical protecting, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport

215
Q

4 categories of mature connective tissues

A

fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, supportive connective tissues, fluid connective tissue

216
Q

fibrous connective tissues

A

most diverse connective tissue; loose and dense connective tissues

217
Q

adipose tissue

A

adipocyte dominant tissue; adipocytes are separated bu loose connective +blood capillaries; white and brown fat

218
Q

supportive connective tissues

A

bone/cartilage

219
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

blood

220
Q

areolar tissue

A

fibrous connective tissues that are loosely organized fibers and seems empty space

221
Q

reticular tissue

A

mesh of reticular fibers and friboblasts, filled with blood cells, imagine a sponge soaked with blood-sponge fibres are similar to reticular tissue stroma

222
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

same direction (tendons and ligaments)

223
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

all different directions (dermis, capsule around organs)

224
Q

WAT

A

white adipose tissue; white/yellow fat, most abundant adipose tissue; nucleus pushed to edge of the cell; look shrivelled and empty when section, resembling chicken wire; secretes hormones to regulate energy metabolism

225
Q

BAT

A

brown adipose fat; multiple globules instead of just one; all energy is released as heat instead of ATP

226
Q

smooth muscle

A

short fusiform cells that overlap, nonstriated, one nucleus centrally located; swallowing, peristalsis, blood pressure, involuntar

227
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long, striatied, threadlike unbranched, parallel longitudinal shape with multiple nuclei near plasm membrane

228
Q

cardiac muscle

A

short cells/cardiomyocytes with notched or branched ends, striated, one nucleus often surrounded by lighter zone

229
Q

nervous tissue cells

A

glial/neuroglia cells, and neurons

230
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells; travel briefly in bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels to be in connective tissues.

231
Q

two main types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils - wanderers that attack bacteria
lymphocytes - react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents; often from dense patches in mucous membranes

232
Q

fibroblasts

A

large, fusiform or stellate cells that often show slender wispy branches; produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue

233
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles, dead/dying cells ; activate immune system

234
Q

plasma cells

A

formed from lymphocytes that detect foreign agents; synthesize disease fighting proteins/antibodies; rarely seen

235
Q

mast cells

A

found especially alongside blood vessels, secrete heparin and histamine to increase blood flow

236
Q

what does heparin inhibit

A

blood clotting

237
Q

histamine does to blood cells

A

dilates them

238
Q

cartilage and 3 types

A

stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix (ear, tip of nose, adams apple) ; produced by chondroblasts; secrete matrix until surrounded; no blood vessels, diffusion only

Hyaline, Elastic and Firbrocartilage

239
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

cartilage that looks glassy/clear; collagen
ease joint movement, holds airways open, moves vocal cords
articular cartilage is hyaline for joints
costal cartilage is hyaline for anterior ends of ribs

240
Q

elastic cartilage

A

abundance of elastic fibres; provide flexibility, elastic support; external ear and epiglottis

241
Q

fibrocartilage

A

large coarse bundles of parallel collagen fibres; resist shock and compression; intervertebral disks

242
Q

bone tissue

A

hard, calcified connective tissue

243
Q

bones are organs made of

A

bone tissue, cartilage, marrow and other tissues

244
Q

2 types of boone

A

compact/cortical bone: 85% of skeleton, solid, strong, made of layers of bone matrix arranged in circular system = lamellae

spongy/cancellous bone: 15% of skeleton, filled with red bone marrow; bone matrix in delicate struts = trabeculae ; covered by compact bone; found in heads of long bones and middle of flat bones

245
Q

what does cortical bone look like

A

dense, calcified, no visible spaces; arranged in cylinders that have central canals for blood vessels and nerves to pass through

246
Q

list the arteries, in order, that an erythrocyte must travel to get form left ventricle to the skin of the left side of the forehead

A

aorta-left common carotid a-external carotid a-superfical temporal a

247
Q

both

A

1050-Bio (6 decks)

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