UNIT 2 (Sept. 18): BASIC ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION, HISTOLOGY and TISSUES Flashcards
1
Q
difference between anatomy and physiology
A
anatomy = study of structure, physiology = study of function
2
Q
palpatation
A
feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a lymph node or pulse
3
Q
ausculation
A
listen to natural sounds made by body
4
Q
percussion
A
examiner taps on body, feel for abnormal resistance or emitted sounds for abnormalities of pockets of fluid, air, scar tissue
5
Q
dissection
A
carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
6
Q
cadaver
A
dead human body
7
Q
comparative anatomy
A
study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
8
Q
exploratory surgery
A
opening the body to see whats inside for something wrong or what could be done
9
Q
medical imaging
A
methods of viewing the inside of body without surgery
10
Q
radiology
A
branch of medicine concerned with medical imaging
11
Q
gross anatomy
A
structures that can be seen with the naked eye, whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection
12
Q
histology
A
microscopic anatomy
13
Q
histopathology
A
microscopic examination of tissues for signs and diseases
14
Q
cytology
A
study of the structure and function of individual cells
15
Q
ultrastructure
A
fine detail down to molecule level revealed by the electron microscope
16
Q
neurophysiology
A
physiology of nervous system
17
Q
endocrinology
A
physiology of hormones
18
Q
pathophysiology
A
mechanisms of disease
19
Q
comparative physiology
A
study of how different species have solved problems of life (water balance, reproduction)
20
Q
anatomical position
A
standing upright with flat feet on floor, arm at sides, palms and face directed forward
21
Q
prone
A
laying face down
22
Q
supine
A
laying face up
23
Q
frontal plane
A
plane in anatomical position that splits the body front and back from shoulder to shoulder, lengthwise head to toe
24
Q
sagittal plane
A
passes vertically though the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions eg pelvic and head
25
transverse plane
plane in anatomical position that splits the body from top to bottom, at the midsection (elbow, navel)
26
section implies
an actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
27
plane implies
imaginary flat surface passing through the body
28
median plane
aka midsagittal plane, a sagittal plane that divded the body or organ into equal halves
29
parasagittal plane
when a sagittal plane are off centre and divide body into unequal portions
30
frontal plane
aka coronal plane; extends vertically, but perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior positions eg throracic cavities
31
anterior
front
32
posterior
back
33
transverse plane
aka horizontal plane; pass across body or organ perpendicular to its long axis; divides the body or organ in superior and inferior portions - eg CT scan
34
superior
upper
35
inferior
lower
36
ventral
toward the front or belly ; aorta is ventral to vertebral column
37
dorsal
toward the back or spine; vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta
38
anterior
body region that leads way in locomotion; toward ventral side (front); sternum is anterior to heart
39
posterior
region of body that comes last in local motion; toward dorsal side; esophagus is posterior to trachea
40
cephalic
toward head or superior end;brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube
41
rostral
towards forehead or nose; forebrain is rostral to the brainstem
42
caudal
toward tail or inferior end;spinal cord is caudal to brain
43
superior
above;heart is superior to diaphragm
44
inferior
below; liver is inferior to diaphragm
45
medial
toward median plane; heart is medal to the lungs
46
lateral
away from median plane; eyes are lateral to nose
47
proximal
closer to the point of attachment or origin; elbow is proximal to the wrist
48
distal
farther from the origin or attachment; the fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers
49
ipsilateral
on same side of the body (right/left); liver is ipsilateral to the appendix
50
contralateral
on opposite sides of the body (right/left); spleen is contralateral to the liver
51
superficial
closer to the body surface; skin is superficial to the muscles
52
deep
farther from the body surface; the bones are deep to the muscles
53
dorsum
upper surface of the foot and back of the hand
54
axial region
head, neck (cervical region), and trunk
55
trunk
thoracic region and abdominal region
56
four quadrants of abdomen
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
57
nine regions of abdomen
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region
58
midclavicular line
vertical line that passes through midpoint of clavicle/collarbone and are two lines that distinguish the nine regions of the abdomen
59
subcostal line
superior horizontal line that dissects the abdominal regions, named because it connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages (cartilage connecting tenth rib on each side to inferior end of the sternum)
60
intertubicular line
inferior horizontal line of abdominal region; named because it passes from left to right between the tubercles (anterior superior spines) of the pelvis-two points of bone located about where the front pockets open on most pants
61
three abdominal pubic regions
epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric
62
three abdominal lateral regions
hypochondriac, lumbar, inguinal
63
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs/appendages or extremities
64
brachial region
arm
65
antebrachial
forearm
66
carpal region
wrist
67
fingers
digits
68
femoral region
thigh
69
crural region
leg
70
tarsal region
ankle
71
toes
digits
72
arm
refers only to that part of the upper limb between shoulder and elbow
73
leg
only to part of the lower limb between knees and ankle
74
segment
segment of a limb is a region between one joint and the next
75
viscera
organs contained in body cavities
76
visceral layer
inner body cavity membrane layer against the organ
77
parietal layer
superficial/outer layer membrane of body cavity
78
4 major body cavities
cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
79
cranial cavitiy
enclosed by cranium; contains the brain; membranous lining is meninges
80
meninges
three fibrous membranes between the central nervous system and surrounding bone - dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
81
vertebral canal
enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the spinal cord.
82
what separates the trunk of your body from the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
83
thoracic cavity
has three cavities, one mediastinum that contains heart, esophagus and trachea, and two pleural cavities that contain the lungs
84
mediastinum
region between the lungs, extending form base of the next to diaphragm. occupied by heart, major blood vessels connected to it, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi, and a gland called the thymus
85
pericardium
two layered membrane that enfolds heart; parietal layer and visceral later are separated by a space called the pericardial cavity, lubricated by pericardial fluid
86
caridac tamponade
when fluid puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from refilling
87
pleura
serous membrane that enfolds the lungs; visceral pleura (external surface of the lung), parietal pleura (lines inside of rib cake, lubricated by pleura fluid
88
abdominopelvic cavity
cavity that contains abdominal cavity(superiorly) and pelvic cavity (inferiorly), contains the peritoneum
88
pelvic cavity
spaced enclosed by the true(lesser) pelvis, containing the urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs
89
peritoneum
two layered serous membrane with the parietal peritoneum (outer), visceral peritoneum (inner layer, peritoneal cavity which is filled with peritoneal fluid
90
retroperitoneal position
position of organs in abdominal cavity when they are against the posterior body wall are covered by peritoneum facing the peritoneal cavity
91
intraperitoneal positions
organs in abdominal cavity that are encircled by peritoneum and connected to the posterior body wall by peritoneal sheets
92
mesentry
visceral peritoneum at points when it forms a translucent, membranous curtain suspending and anchoring the viscera
93
serosa
mesentry at points where it enfolds and covers the outer surfaces of organs such as the stomach and small intestines
94
posterior mesentery
mesentery that suspends intestines from the posterior/dorsal abdominal wall
95
mesocolon
posterior mesentery of large intenstine
96
anterior mesentery
mesentery on the anterior body wall
97
great omentum
anterior mesentery - fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the interfolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestines; unattached at its inferior border and can be lifted to reveal the intestines
98
lesser omentum
anterior mesentery - extends from the superomedial margin of the stomach to the liver
99
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum; serious cause = perforation in digestive tract; can shift fluid into abdominal cavity which can cause severe electrolyte imbalances
100
disseminated intravascular coagulation??
widespread blood clotting?
101
potential spaces
spaces between body membranes that under normal conditions would have no actual space between them
102
lumen
internal space of a hollow organ such as a blood vessel or the esophagus or a space surrounded by secretory cells as in a gland acinus
103
12 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphoid, respiratory, urinary, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, digestive, male reproductive, female reproductive
104
integumentary system
principal organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
principal functions: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin d synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
105
skeletal system
principal organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments
principal functions: support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance
106
muscular system
principal organs: skeletal muscles
principal functions: movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production
107
lymphoid system
principal organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
principal functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, production of immune cells, defense against disease
108
respiratory system
principal organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
principal functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
109
urinary system
principal organs: kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
principal functions: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
110
nervous system
principal organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
principal functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation
111
endocrine system
principal organs: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
principal functions: hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination
112
circulatory system
principal organs: heart, blood vessels
principal function: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance
113
digestive system
principal organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
principal functions: nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood
114
male reproductive system
principal organs: testes, epididiymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, penis
principal functions: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
115
female productive system
principal organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
principal function: production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones
116
systems of intake and output
respiratory, digestive and urinary systems
117
systems of reproduction
male and female reproductive systems
118
systems of fluid transport
circulatory and lymphatic systems
119
system of internal communication and control
nervous and endocrine system
120
system of protection, support, and movement
integumentary, skeletal, muscular systems
121
axial region
pertaining to the head, neck and trunk of body
122
appendicular region
pertaining to the limbs and their supporting skeletal girdles
123
anterior axial contains which regions
cephalic, facial, cervical, thoracic, umbilical, abdominal, inguinal, pubic
124
posterior axial contains which regions
cranial, nuchal, interscapular, scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal
125
anterior appendicular contains which regions
coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, tarsal, dorsum, plantar, acromial, axillary, brachial, cubital, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, manus, pollex, phalanges
126
posterior appendicular
popliteal, calcaneal, olecranon, pedal
127
cephalic
top front of head
128
facial
front face of head
129
cervical
front of neck
130
thoracic
front upper torso (below neck above abdominal
131
umbilical
belly button
132
abdominal
front below ribs, above legs
133
inguinal
left and right side of front groin
134
pubic
front mid groin
135
cranial
back of head
136
nuchal
back of neck
137
interscapular
between shoulder blades
138
scapular
shoulder blades
139
vertebral
mid spine, below scapular
140
lumbar
lower back
141
sacral
bottom of spine above tail bone
142
gluteal
butt
143
perineal
low groin, urethra/anal region
144
coxal
hips
145
femoral
thigh
146
patellar
knee
147
crural
calf+shin
148
tarsal
ankle
149
plantar
sole/bottom of foot
150
dorsum
top of foot
151
acromial
shoulder/deltoid
152
axillary
armpit
153
brachial
bicep/tricep
154
cubital
inner elbow
155
antebrachial
forearm
156
carpal
wrist
157
palmar
palm
158
manus
hand
159
pollex
thumb
160
phalanges
digits/fingers/toes
161
popliteal
back of knee
162
calcaneal
heel
163
olecranon
back of elbow
164
pedal
foot
165
oblique plane
plane of section on an odd (non even) angle
166
inductive method
process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from the,
167
hypotehtico-deductive method
investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis
168
hypothesis
educated speculation or possible answer to a question; if-then prediction
169
2 traits of a good hypothesis
consistent with what is already know, and capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence, if nothing can prove it wrong it cant be scientific
170
falsifiability
if claimed something is scientifically true, must be able to specify what evidence would take to prove it wrong. if nothing can prove it wrong it cant be scientific
171
sample size
number of subjects used in a study
172
controls
subjects that are same as those being treated except without the treatment for comparison
173
psychosomatic effects
effects the mind has on one's physiology
174
placebo
substance with no significant physiological effect on the body
175
double blind method
to remove experimenter bias, the test subjects and researcher looking at the data don't know who is being treated and who is giving the placebo
176
peer review
critical evaluation by other experts in that field
177
scientific fact
information that can be independently verified by any trained person
178
law of nature
generalization about predictable ways in which matter and energy behave; result of inductive reasoning based on repeated confirmed observations; law of complimentary base pairing and a mathematical formula
179
theory
explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses
180
evolution
change in genetic composition of a population of organisms
181
natural selection
some individuals in a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors that enable them to produce more offspring
182
stereoscopic vision provides
depth position due to facing forward
183
reductionism
theory that large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components
184
holism
theory that there are emergent properties of whole organisms that cant be predicted from the properties of it separate parts; more than the sum of their parts
185
4 primary categories of tissues
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular tissue
186
microscopic anatomy
histology; study of tissues and how they are arranged
187
epithelial tissue
epithelium; tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion and absorption ; locations: epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver and other glands; avascular as no room for blood vessels
188
connective tissue
tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and to bind other tissues and organs to each other; tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bone, blood
189
matrix
composed of fibrous proteins and ground substance/extracellular material that surrounds the cells of a tissue; fluid within a mitochondrion containing enzymes of the citric acid cycle; substance or framework within which other structures are embedded such as fibrous matrix of a blood clot; mass of epidermal cells from which a hair root or nail root develops
190
nervous tissue
tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells; brain, spinal cord, nerves
191
muscular tissue
tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction; skeletal muscles, heart (cardiac muscle), walls of viscera (smooth muscle)
192
generally what are the two things tissues are made of
cells and matrix
193
ground substance
clear gel that contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones and other chemicals; medium from which all cells obtain their internal needs and release their materials in; can be rubbery and tony in bone/cartilage; aka tissue fluid, extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid
194
primary germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - three tissue layers of early embryo from which all later tissues and organs arise
195
ectoderm
outer layer of primary germ layers; gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
196
endoderm
innermost layer of primary germ layers; gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands + more
197
mesoderm
middle layer of primary germ layers; more loosely organized cells; turns into mesenchyme
198
mesenchyme
composed of fine wispy collagen fibres and mesenchymal cells embedded in ground substance; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, blood and more
199
histological sections
thin slices of tissues
200
fixative
chemical such as formalin that prevents decay
201
longitudinal section
tissue cut on long axis
202
cross section
tissue cut perpendicular to long axis
203
oblique section
section cut on a slant
204
six main functions of epithelial tissue
protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensation
205
basement membrane
anchor for epithelium to connecting tissue
206
three surface directions of epithelial cell
basal (toward basement membrane), apical surface (toward inner cavity/body surface), lateral service (sidewall of a cell)
207
two broad categories of epithelia
simple and stratified (cells on top and dont contact basement
208
simple epithelium
every cell anchored to basement membrane
209
stratified epithelium
some cells rest on top of other cells and dont connect with basement membrane
210
pseudostratified columnar
simple epithelium that appears stratified but each cells are connected with basement membrane
211
squamous
triangle/pyramid shape
212
cuboidal
cube like shape
213
columnar
long/column
214
8 main functions of connective tissues
binding of organs, support, physical protecting, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport
215
4 categories of mature connective tissues
fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, supportive connective tissues, fluid connective tissue
216
fibrous connective tissues
most diverse connective tissue; loose and dense connective tissues
217
adipose tissue
adipocyte dominant tissue; adipocytes are separated bu loose connective +blood capillaries; white and brown fat
218
supportive connective tissues
bone/cartilage
219
fluid connective tissue
blood
220
areolar tissue
fibrous connective tissues that are loosely organized fibers and seems empty space
221
reticular tissue
mesh of reticular fibers and friboblasts, filled with blood cells, imagine a sponge soaked with blood-sponge fibres are similar to reticular tissue stroma
222
dense regular connective tissue
same direction (tendons and ligaments)
223
dense irregular connective tissue
all different directions (dermis, capsule around organs)
224
WAT
white adipose tissue; white/yellow fat, most abundant adipose tissue; nucleus pushed to edge of the cell; look shrivelled and empty when section, resembling chicken wire; secretes hormones to regulate energy metabolism
225
BAT
brown adipose fat; multiple globules instead of just one; all energy is released as heat instead of ATP
226
smooth muscle
short fusiform cells that overlap, nonstriated, one nucleus centrally located; swallowing, peristalsis, blood pressure, involuntar
227
skeletal muscle
long, striatied, threadlike unbranched, parallel longitudinal shape with multiple nuclei near plasm membrane
228
cardiac muscle
short cells/cardiomyocytes with notched or branched ends, striated, one nucleus often surrounded by lighter zone
229
nervous tissue cells
glial/neuroglia cells, and neurons
230
leukocytes
white blood cells; travel briefly in bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels to be in connective tissues.
231
two main types of leukocytes
neutrophils - wanderers that attack bacteria
lymphocytes - react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents; often from dense patches in mucous membranes
232
fibroblasts
large, fusiform or stellate cells that often show slender wispy branches; produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue
233
macrophages
large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles, dead/dying cells ; activate immune system
234
plasma cells
formed from lymphocytes that detect foreign agents; synthesize disease fighting proteins/antibodies; rarely seen
235
mast cells
found especially alongside blood vessels, secrete heparin and histamine to increase blood flow
236
what does heparin inhibit
blood clotting
237
histamine does to blood cells
dilates them
238
cartilage and 3 types
stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix (ear, tip of nose, adams apple) ; produced by chondroblasts; secrete matrix until surrounded; no blood vessels, diffusion only
Hyaline, Elastic and Firbrocartilage
239
hyaline cartilage
cartilage that looks glassy/clear; collagen
ease joint movement, holds airways open, moves vocal cords
articular cartilage is hyaline for joints
costal cartilage is hyaline for anterior ends of ribs
240
elastic cartilage
abundance of elastic fibres; provide flexibility, elastic support; external ear and epiglottis
241
fibrocartilage
large coarse bundles of parallel collagen fibres; resist shock and compression; intervertebral disks
242
bone tissue
hard, calcified connective tissue
243
bones are organs made of
bone tissue, cartilage, marrow and other tissues
244
2 types of boone
compact/cortical bone: 85% of skeleton, solid, strong, made of layers of bone matrix arranged in circular system = lamellae
spongy/cancellous bone: 15% of skeleton, filled with red bone marrow; bone matrix in delicate struts = trabeculae ; covered by compact bone; found in heads of long bones and middle of flat bones
245
what does cortical bone look like
dense, calcified, no visible spaces; arranged in cylinders that have central canals for blood vessels and nerves to pass through
246
list the arteries, in order, that an erythrocyte must travel to get form left ventricle to the skin of the left side of the forehead
aorta-left common carotid a-external carotid a-superfical temporal a
247
both
