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Health > Unit 2, SAC 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2, SAC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Germinal Stage (prenatal)

A

0-2 weeks
Cells divide,
Chromosomes decided
Starts at fertilisation and ends at implantation
Implantation begins around day 5 and ends at around days 10-12

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2
Q

Embryonic Stage (prenatal)

A

3-8 weeks
Most critical stage because most internal systems and organs are formed.
Starts at implantation and ends at eighth week.
Cells start taking on specialised roles. Eg. Heart, skin, bone.
Placenta forms
Heart begins to beat

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3
Q

Foetal stage (prenatal)

A 
9-40 weeks
Systems fully developed and working 
Placenta fully functioning 
Sex organs start taking shape 
Reflexes 
Response to light and sound
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4
Q

Teratogens

A

anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development.

Eg. Tobacco smoke, alcohol, medication, drugs, xrays, raw fish and some diseases like measles.

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5
Q

Perinatal mortality:

A

Relates to the death of babies before birth and up to 28 days after birth.

The main cause: congenital abnormalities (birth defects), spontaneous preterm birth: (labour begins without medical intervention between 20th to 37th week) and unexplained antepartum death.

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6
Q

Prenatal morbidity

A

Most causes of morbidity among unborn babies goes Undiagnosed until after birth, as a result no data is available relating to health status in prenatal stage.

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7
Q

Neural tube defects

A

A casing that encloses the brain and spinal cord during the embryonic stage. Edges of neural tube fuse together in about 3rd week of pregnancy. Neural tube defect is when this does not fuse together completely.

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8
Q

Down syndrome

A

A condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality. There are 3 chromosomes on the 21st pair instead of the usual two.

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9
Q

Maternal mortality

A

Relates to death among pregnant women where the cause of death is attributed to the pregnancy itself.

Causes: cardiovascular conditions, and haemorrhage.

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10
Q

Maternal morbidity

A

Conditions can occur during pregnancy including gestational diabetes, mental health issues, pre-eclampsia and ectopic pregnancy.

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11
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Characterised by high blood glucose levels. Usually goes away after pregnancy, but can return during subsequent pregnancies.

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12
Q

Mental Health

A

Depression is a significant cause of ill-health among pregnant women. This can lead to self harm and increased risk of maternal morbidity.

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13
Q

Pre-Eclampsia

A

Characterised by hypertension, protein in the urine and fluid retention, that leads to swollen hands, feet and face.

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14
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

When the embryo implants elsewhere in the mothers reproductive system other than the uterus.

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15
Q

Process of fertilisation:

A

Sexual Intercourse:

  1. Sperm enters vagina
  2. Sperm swim up cervix
  3. Swim through uterus
  4. Into Fallopian tubes
  5. If egg is present, sperm race to break through membrane
  6. Genetic material from sperm and ovum combine to make a single cell called a zygote

IVF:

  1. Injection of hormones
  2. Extraction of ova
  3. Fertilisation
  4. Incubation
  5. Implantation
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16
Q 
Biological determinant (prenatal) 
Genetics:
A

Genes that a child inherits from their biological parents have a significant impact on the child’s health and individual human development.
Plays a role in: sex of baby, development of genetic conditions, rate and timing of development in the uterus.

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17
Q

Biological determinants: prenatal

A

Concerned with the body’s cells, tissues organs and systems, and how they function.
Genetics, genetic conditions, chromosomal abnormalities

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18
Q

Behavioural determinants: prenatal

A

Related to the behaviours and choices of the parents, both before and during pregnancy.
Eg. Maternal nutrition status, parental smoking, alcohol and drug use during pregnancy, vaccination.

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19
Q

Behavioural: alcohol use (prenatal)

A

Alcohol can interfere with fertility. Consumption of alcohol can cause harm to unborn child. When it is consumed, it crosses the placenta from the mothers blood to the baby’s. Alcohol can harm he development of the nervous system, ie) brain.
Can also cause low birth weight, heart defects and small facial features.

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20
Q

Physical environment (prenatal)

A

A pregnant women’s surroundings can impact on the health and development of her unborn baby. Eg, tobacco smoke in home and access to health care

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21
Q 
Physical environment (prenatal)
Tobacco smoke in the home
A

Increases risk of passive smoking among pregnant women. (Breathing in other peoples smoke)
It can cause spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, birth defects, perinatal mortality, asthma etc.

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22
Q

Social determinant (prenatal)

A

The society in which the mother lives and the social factors that impact on her life, will contribute to the health and development of her unborn baby.
Eg. Parental education, parental income, parental health and disability, and access to health care.

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23
Q 
Social determinant (prenatal)
Parental education
A

An educated parent can mean the parent has knowledge of health behaviours, which then can increase the chance of parents caring for themselves which promote the health and development of their unborn baby. Being vaccinated, consuming correct nutrients, and avoiding teratogens are more likely to occur if parent is educated. Can also mean more employment opportunities: generating higher income

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24
Q

Determinants that act as risk and or/ protective factors in relation to Gestational Diabetes

A

Biological: women who have predisposition to type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of developing gestational diabetes. Advancing age is also a risk factor. Body weight can also increase/decrease risk.
Behavioural: food intake can impact body weight, which then is a risk factor for diabetes. Same with exercise.
Physical environment: women who live near health care can be educated about it, and then can have loans to reduce risk.
Social: education is the key to avoid it. Having a high income can cause the mother to afford these resources.

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25
Q

Strategies and programs:

Government program’s and strategies:

A

Federal government: - Medicare; gives free subsidised treatment for all Australians through the public health system. Immunisations.
Pregnancy birth and baby; aims to promote mental health of pregnant women.
Victorian government: - having a baby Victoria: educates women and those planning pregnancy. Better health channel: educating
The healthy mothers, aim to educate about risk factors and to give support to mothers.
Local government: maternal health centres in every local government. They can seek advice and receive health care here.

26
Q

Strategies and programs:

Community program’s and strategies

A

Beyond baby blues: increases awareness and understanding of depression and anxiety. Aims to maintain positive mental health during pregnancy and parenthood.
You2: aims to prevent gestational diabetes and to support those with condition.
AAPEC: (Australian action on pre-eclampsia) provides support and information to families experiencing or experienced PEC. Aims to educate public about prevalence and risks of PEC.

27
Q

Strategies and programs:

Personal program’s and strategies

A

Maintain healthy body weight; reduce risk so g. Diabetes
Increasing educational levels relating pregnancy; provides information relating to birthing procedure
Avoiding teratogens
Reducing stress

28
Q

Physical development

A

Changes that occur to the body and it’s systems.

Growth, increase in complexity, motor skill development, decline in body systems.

29
Q

Social development

A

Refers to the social skills and behaviours individuals learn from a young age.

CRBSV
Communication skills, relationship skills, behaviour, social roles, values and beliefs.

30
Q

Emotional development

A

Refers to the emotions and the development of the full range of emotions and learning way to express and deal with them.

SAME
Self concept, awareness of emotions, management of emotions, expression of emotions.

31
Q

Intellectual development

A

Both the processes that occur within the brain and the increasing complexity of the brain.

LAMPKTC
Language, attention, memory, problem solving, knowledge, thought patterns, creativity

32
Q

Principles of Individual human development

A
  1. Development occurs in predictable and orderly way. Ie) prediction of milestones, orderly, walk before run.
  2. Development is continual. Ie) skills learnt in start of life are continually built upon over lifespan. Decline of body systems, and loss of memory
  3. There are Individual variations in the rate and timing of development. Ie) hormones, genetics, nutrition, etc, impact timing, impact how fast a person goes through lifespan
  4. Development follows predictable patterns ie) growth and motor skills
  5. Development proceeds from simple to complex ie) thought processes and skill development develop
33
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome. The unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.

34
Q

Child Mortality

A

Refers to deaths occurring in children between the ages 1 and 14. Leading cause is ‘injuries’ (including poisoning) inadequate supervision can increase risk of injury among children. They haven’t developed intellectually and may lack knowledge of how to avoid injuries.

35
Q

Physical development (infancy)

A

2nd fastest period of physical development in the life span. Senses develop. Bones ossify. Motor skills develop, ie) lift it’s head and roll over. Start to crawl, stand and walk.

36
Q

Social development (infancy)

A

Starts to smile at others, recognises facial expression of others, enjoy basic games such as peek a boo, skills like sharing are learnt, can start to interact with others, dependant on parents.

37
Q

Emotional development (infancy)

A

Throws tantrums, express anger and happiness, distressed when held by stranger, attachment to care giver

38
Q

Intellectual development (infancy)

A

Recognise own name, respond to own name, word-object association, understanding of cause and affect, language development, object permanence

39
Q

Physical development (early childhood)

A

Summersault, body fat decrease, lose baby teeth, better balance, coordination improves, better control of body.

40
Q

Social development (early childhood)

A

Begin participating in family events, communication skills increase, join play group, eating with knife and fork, advanced play with others,

41
Q

Emotional development (early childhood)

A

Develops empathy, may be jealous, take pride in achievements, physical violence to express emotion, mood quickly changes,

42
Q

Intellectual development (early childhood)

A

Learn new words, language develops, question aspects with environment, attention span increases, learn to read, learn to count.

43
Q

Physical development (late childhood)

A

Adult teeth, changing body proportions, gains greater control over body, body fat decrease, complex motor skills, musicales develop, bones develop.

44
Q

Social development (late childhood)

A

More social situations, sharing communication and conflict skills are developed, relationships formed, wanting to be accepted, sense of right/ wrong, make informed decision,

45
Q

Emotional development (late childhood)

A

Control and recognise emotions, self concept, form ideas of what they aren’t good at, identify emotions in others, able to express emotions.

46
Q

Intellectual development (late childhood)

A

Follow complex instructions, problem solving skills develop, focus on ideas rather than objects, perform basic maths, knowledge of language increases, reading skills, memory,

47
Q

Determinants of health and development: children

A

Biological: genetics, birth weight, body weight,
Physical environment: tobacco smoke in the home, housing environment, fluoridation of water, access to rec. facilities,
Behavioural: eating habits, physical activity, oral hygiene, breast feeding, vaccination
Social: parental education, parenting practices, media, access to services

48
Q

Biological: childhood

Birthweight

A

Biological determinants refer to those genetic and physiological factors that affect health and individual human development. Relates to functioning of body.
Birthweight: low= 2500 grams, very low 1000-1500 grams and extremely low= below 1000 g
can cause reduced lung function (PH) decreased exercise capacity (PD), increased risk of deafness (ID) lengthy hospital stay (SH) feeding difficulties.

49
Q

Behavioural: childhood

Level of physical activity

A

It is recommended for children, that they receive at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise daily. Participating in this has benefits: helps relaxation, improves self esteem, cardio fitness, opportunities to make friends, builds strong bones, promotes growth, improves balance, develops social skills, increases knowledge.

50
Q 
Physical environment (childhood)
Access to rec. facilities
A

Facilities that are easily accessible for children, greatly increase the likelihood of regular physical activity being undertaken. This has benefits for health and development. Stronger bones (PD) socialising with a team (SH) more capable of handling emotional challenges (ED) having better cardio fitness (PH)

51
Q

Social environment: childhood

Parental education:

A

A higher educated parent increases opportunity for higher paid paid employment and therefore a higher SES. Education enables parents to gain the knowledge and skills needed to promote the health and development of their child. Eg. Health risks, and protective factors. Higher income enables a healthier lifestyle and access to resources ie) food and health care. Impacts children because parents are responsible for he provision of resources that are necessary for he child.

52
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

Refers to growth and development that occurs from the head down. Neck muscles first: allows them to hold their head steady, then shoulder muscles, allowing them to roll over, then muscles in their torso allows them to sit.

53
Q

Proximodistal development

A

Occurs from the centre or core of the body in an outward direction. Eg, example is the way the spine develops first in the uterus, follows by the extremities and finally the fingers and toes.
In motor development, an infant reaches for a toy by using shoulder and torso rotation in order to move the hand closer to the object. In childhood, wrist and elbow are responsible for the main movements.

54
Q

Conception

A

The action of conceiving a child or of one being conceived.

55
Q

Neonate

A

Describes and infant in the first 28 days after birth.

56
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

The fluid surround the embryo/ foetus that protects the unborn baby

57
Q

Chromosome

A

Strands of DNA that contain genetic information

58
Q

Apgar test

A

First test access life outside uterus administered twice. 1st- one min after birth, 2nd 5 mins after birth

59
Q

Infant morality

A

Death of a child under the age of 1

60
Q

Morbidity

A

Level of ill health of an individual or population.

61
Q

Zygote

A

A full cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and ovum.

Health (5 decks)

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