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SPRING 2024: Principles II > UNIT 2 REVIEW ASSIGNMENT AND EXAM > Flashcards

UNIT 2 REVIEW ASSIGNMENT AND EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

A network that spans a large geographical area, and usually has two or more smaller networks connected together through phone or cable lines is referred to as:

A. LAN
B. DICOM
C. CCD
D. WAN

A

D. WAN

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2
Q

If all other attempts have been made to decrease noise, what is one thing a radiographer can do to improve SNR?

A. Increase the mAs
B. Increase the SID
C. Remove the grid
D. Increase the pixel bit depth

A

A. Increase the mAs

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3
Q

What is the spatial frequency of a 28 cm FOV with a 1024 matrix?

A. 3.7 lp/mm
B. 0.27 lp/mm
C. 1.85 lp/mm
D. 0.54 lp/mm

A

C. 1.85 lp/mm

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4
Q

What is the purpose(s) of a MIMPS? (select all that apply)

A. Schedules patient exams
B. Stores image files
C. Stores patient financial records
D. Distributes image files

A

B. Stores image files
D. Distributes image files

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5
Q

Which of the following is a system used to store imaging reports, schedule radiology exams, and keep track of patient wait times?

A. RIS
B. Operating system
C. EMR
D. DICOM

A

A. RIS

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6
Q

Which of the following computers has the fastest processor?

A. 3.0 GHz
B. 2.4 kHz
C. 1.7 GHz
D. 1.2 MHz

A

A. 3.0 GHz

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A. As kVp increases above optimum, the DQE will increase
B. MTF is a measure of contrast resolution
C. As SNR increases, MTF increases
D. DQE is a measure of MTF

A

B. MTF is a measure of contrast resolution

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8
Q

A computer interface protocol that sets standards for communication and transferring of medical images on a network is called:

A. HIPAA
B. DICOM
C. MIMPS
D. HL-7

A

B. DICOM

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9
Q

A system with a low spatial frequency has __________ spatial resolution

A. High
B. Low

A

B. Low

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10
Q

In DR, the FOV is determined by:

A. Collimation
B. Image receptor size
C. Size of the matrix
D. SNR

A

A. Collimation

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11
Q

A computerized database of patient health records is called:

A. RIS
B. HL-7
C. EMR/EHR
D. HIPAA

A

C. EMR/EHR

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12
Q

Spatial resolution is measured in:

A. LUT
B. SNR
C. CNR
D. Line pairs/mm

A

D. Line pairs/mm

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13
Q

Larger pixels result in:

A. Increased spatial resolution
B. For the same FOV, the matrix will be larger
C. Smaller objects will be visualized better
D. Decreased Spatial resolution

A

D. Decreased Spatial resolution

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14
Q

Array processors are typically used for computer processing of large data sets, such as digital image processing.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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15
Q

Can a 0.2 mm object be imaged by an imaging system with a FOV of 25 cm and a 1024 matrix?

A. Yes
B. No

A

B. No

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16
Q

A radiographer flips an image on the monitor from left to right (mirror image). This instruction is carried out by the computer in the ____________ domain.

A. Frequency
B. Intensity
C. Grayscale
D. Spatial

A

D. Spatial

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17
Q

A voltage signal is converted to light on the display monitor. These types of signals are:

A. Analog
B. Digital

A

A. Analog

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18
Q

What is the pixel size of a digital imaging system with a 40 cm FOV and a 1024 matrix?

A. 2.56 mm
B. 0.039 mm
C. 0.39 mm
D. 0.24 mm

A

C. 0.39 mm

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19
Q

The area of the digital matrix used for reconstruction is called the:

A. TFT
B. The collimation field
C. CCD
D. FOV

A

D. FOV

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20
Q

The spatial domain is:

A. Based on sorting the data by the gray level values storied in the pixels
B. A function that separates the digital data into it’s frequency components
C. Based on sorting the data by its location on the matrix
D. Based on sorting the data according to object size

A

C. Based on sorting the data by its location on the matrix

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the Nyquist Theorum?

A. It dictates the minimum number of samples that must be taken of an analog signal
B. It sorts the image information into frequency bands
C. It produces a grid-like noise reduction
D. It transforms digital data in the spatial domain to frequency data

A

A. It dictates the minimum number of samples that must be taken of an analog signal

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22
Q

The type of network typology used by most MIMPS systems is:

A. Peer to peer
B. Ring
C. BUS
D. Client-server

A

D. Client-server

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23
Q

The gray scale bit depth is:

A. The number of gray shades actually displayed
B. The total number of gray shades the system can display
C. The image contrast
D. The number of pixels in the matrix

A

B. The total number of gray shades the system can display

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24
Q

Corrections that are made to the raw image data to prepare the digital image for viewing are performed during:

A. Pre-processing
B. Post-processing
C. 3D rendering
D. Histogram analysis

A

A. Pre-processing

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25
Q

For the same FOV, as the matrix gets larger, the pixel size ____________ and spatial resolution ____________.

A. decreases; increases
B. increases; increases
C. increases; decreases
D. decreases; decreases

A

A. decreases; increases

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26
Q

The following statement is true about the Fourier Transform:

A. It sorts the image by pixel value
B. It takes the sum of the products of the kernel values
C. It separates the image data into its frequency components
D. It inverts the brightness scale

A

C. It separates the image data into its frequency components

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27
Q

The type of image compression that allows for little to no loss of perceived image quality is referred to as:

A. Lossless
B Lossy

A

A. Lossless

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28
Q

If a radiographer would like to adjust the total number of gray shades in the final image, he/she should adjust:

A. The LUT for that image
B. The Smax
C. Window level
D. Window width

A

D. Window width

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29
Q

MAC-OS, Windows, and Unix are three examples of ____________ software.

A. Printer
B. Output
C. Operating systems
D. Applications

A

C. Operating systems

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30
Q

The type of imaging noise that includes background radiation is called:

A. Scatter
B. Ambient noise
C. Quantum noise
D. System noise

A

B. Ambient noise

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31
Q

In digital radiology, the latent image is in ________ form on the _________.

A. analog, image receptor
B. analog, viewing monitor
C. digital, image receptor
D. digital, analog to digital converter

A

A. analog, image receptor

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32
Q

Spatial resolution may be improved by increasing:

A. OID
B. Collimation field size
C. Focal spot size
D. Matrix size

A

D. Matrix size

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33
Q

Which step in the ADC process assigns a gray shade to each pixel?

A. Sampling
B. Quantization
C. Scanning
D. Coding

A

B. Quantization

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34
Q

What is the grayscale bit depth of 10-Bit system?

A. 20
B. 100
C. 1024
D. 2048

A

C. 1024

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35
Q

Objects that are _____________ than the pixel size cannot be imaged.

A. Larger
B. Smaller

A

B. Smaller

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36
Q

A __________ is a sub-matrix that is passed over the input matrix, executing a command on it.

A. FOV
B. kernel
C. pixel
D. LUT

A

B. kernel

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37
Q

As spatial frequency increases, DQE will _____________,

A. Increase
B. Stay the same
C. Decrease

A

C. Decrease

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38
Q

The operator adjustment that controls the center of the grayscale on the display monitor is:

A. Window width
B. Smax
C. LUT
D. Window level

A

D. Window level

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39
Q

___________ allows the higher frequency components of the image to remain and filters out the lower frequency components which improves edge detail.

A. Low pass filters
B. Smoothing filters
C. High pass filters
D. Noise reduction filters

A

C. High pass filters

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40
Q

The BUS in the computer is responsible for:

A. Controlling how information moves through the computer
B. Retaining information about the PC’s hadware while the computer is turned off
C. Manipulating data received from the software of the computer and sending the information to the output device
D. Running the start-up diagnostic procedures when the computer is turned on

A

A. Controlling how information moves through the computer

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41
Q

The reverse Fourier Transform is a processing method that:

A. Restacks the individual frequencies within the image data into a single frequency pattern
B. Takes the sum of the products of the kernel values
C. Inverts the brightness scale of the image
D. Sorts the image data by pixel values

A

A. Restacks the individual frequencies within the image data into a single frequency pattern

42
Q

Too much noise in an image causes:

A. Displayed images to differ in size from the original
B. Poor overall visibility of detail
C. Makes it easier to see large objects on the image
D. Mirror images of surrounding objects

A

B. Poor overall visibility of detail

43
Q

As noise increases in an imaging system, _________ decreases

A. Amplitude, wavelength, and frequency
B. The sampling frequency
C. DQE
D. SNR

A

D. SNR

44
Q

This device is controlled by a separate battery and is responsible for retaining information about the PC’s hardware while the computer is turned off.

A. CPU
B. Motherboard
C. CMOS chip
D. BIOS

A

C. CMOS chip

45
Q

Determine whether the devices listed below are input devices or output devices.

Scanner/Fax machine
Speaker
Monitor
Webcam
Mouse
Printer

A

Scanner/Fax machine: input
Speaker: output
Monitor: output
Webcam: input
Mouse: input
Printer: output

46
Q

The phase of the ADC process in which the information is mapped into a matrix is the:

A. Scanning phase
B. Coding phase
C. Sampling phase
D. Quantization phase

A

A. Scanning phase

47
Q

The part of the computer that peforms the arithmetic and logic calculations needed to solve problems.

A. Control Unit
B. BIOS
C. BUS
D. ALU

A

D. ALU

48
Q

The distance from the center of one pixel to the center of the adjacent pixel is called:

A. Matrix
B. Pixel size
C. Bit depth
D. Pixel pitch

A

D. Pixel pitch

49
Q

The ___________ is the slowest part of a computer because it is mechanical.

A. RAM
B. Hard drive
C. Motherboard
D. BUS

A

B. Hard drive

50
Q

Which of the processing domains sorts the image data according to its pixel values?

A. Intensity domain
B. Kernels
C. Spatial domain
D. Frequency domain

A

A. Intensity domain

51
Q

If the SNR of a system is too low, what is most likely to occur?

A. Saturation of the IP
B. Quantum mottle
C. DQE will increase
D. Spatial resolution will increase

A

B. Quantum mottle

52
Q

An image data filter used to remove low spatial frequency information from the resulting image is referred to as a:

A. Low-pass filter
B. Inversion filter
C. High-pass filter
D. Smoothing filter

A

C. High-pass filter

53
Q

The type of kernel that estimates the value of a missing pixel by averaging the values of the surrounding pixels is referred to as:

A. Interpolation
B. Smoothing
C. Summation
D. Convolution

A

A. Interpolation

54
Q

During which step of the analog to digital conversion process is the receptor divided into a matrix?

A. Scanning
B. Sampling
C. Quantization
D. Coding

A

A. Scanning

55
Q

Which of the following images would likely have the highest DQE?

A. Cesium Iodide detector, 80 kVp, 12:1 Grid
B. Computed Radiography detector, 90 kVp, 12:1 Grid
C. Direct Capture detector, 110 kVp, no Grid
D. Cesium Iodide detector, 120 kVp, no Grid

A

A. Cesium Iodide detector, 80 kVp, 12:1 Grid

56
Q

Imaging modalities send images to MIMPS using what image standard?

A. HL7
B. JPEG
C. PNG
D. DICOM

A

D. DICOM

57
Q

The type of image file compression that allows the image to be fully reconstructed to its original quality is called:

A. Lost
B. Lossless
C. Lossy
D. Permanent compression

A

B. Lossless

58
Q

High resolution occurs when an imaging system demonstrates:

A. high sample rate and large pixel pitch
B. low sample rate and large pixel pitch
C. high sample rate and small pixel pitch
D. low sample rate and small pixel pitch

A

C. high sample rate and small pixel pitch

59
Q

When the latent image is transformed to a frequency or spatial distribution of the digital numbers, this type of transformation algorithm is called:

A. information to image
B. image to information
C. image to image

A

B. image to information

60
Q

Spatial Resolution is measured by:

A. Matrix size
B. Detective Quantum Efficiency
C. Spatial Frequency using a Line Pair test tool
D. Modulation Transfer Function

A

C. Spatial Frequency using a Line Pair test tool

61
Q

Which of the following MTF values represents a system with the highest fidelity?

A. 0.5
B. 0.7
C. 0.8
D. 0.3

A

C. 0.8

62
Q

During which step in the analog to digital conversion process are samples assigned a shade of gray?

A. Quantization
B. Sampling
C. Scanning
D. Coding

A

A. Quantization

63
Q

One example of a high pass filter may be:

A. Inversion
B. Edge enhacement filters
C. Magnification
D. Smoothing filters

A

B. Edge enhacement filters

64
Q

This type of kernel applies a weighted calculation to each pixel in the kernel.

A. Convolution
B. Interpolation
C. Average
D. Subtraction

A

A. Convolution

65
Q

The type of processing operations that typically carry out a large-scale spatial function across the entire image are called:

A. Local processing operations
B. Area processing operations
C. Point processing operations
D. Global processing operations

A

D. Global processing operations

66
Q

Which of the following algorithms might be performed during the pre-processing phase of image processing?

A Application of the LUT (image contrast)
B. Window Leveling
C. High-Pass Filtering
D. Correction for faulty DEL in the IR

A

D. Correction for faulty DEL in the IR

67
Q

What is the pixel size of a 512 X 512 matrix with a 24 cm FOV?

A. 21.3 mm
B. 262,144 mm
C. 0.047 mm
D. 0.47 mm

A

D. 0.47 mm

68
Q

Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is dependent on all of the following except for:

A. Incident x-ray energy
B. Temperature
C. Detector material
D. Spatial Frequency

A

B. Temperature

69
Q

All digital x-ray image information begins and ends in the __________ domain.

A. Frequency
B. Intensity
C. Spatial
D. Geographic

A

C. Spatial

70
Q

The component of the computer hardware that functions to run the start up diagnostics on the system and ensures any peripherals are functioning properly.

A. CPU
B. BUS
C. BIOS
D. CMOS

A

C. BIOS

71
Q

Commonly found in CT or MRI, which of the following types of computers contains many microprocessors working in tandem?

A. Megaprocessor
B. Microprocessor
C. Array processor
D. Super computer

A

C. Array processor

72
Q

A small sub-matrix that can be used to change the output values in a larger matrix is called a:

A. Byte
B. Kernel
C. Voxel
D. Pixel

A

B. Kernel

73
Q

If the field of view (FOV) was 400 x 400 mm for each labeled image below, identify the image with the smallest matrix.

A

E

74
Q

The type of computer software that is designed to perform specific tasks. For example, GE DR equipment allows the user to input instructions to acquire images with this type of software.

A. Operating system software
B. Applications software

A

B. Applications software

75
Q

The sampling frequency of a system is determined by its:

A. Pixel pitch
B. Voxel
C. Gray Scale Bit Depth
D. Dynamic Range

A

A. Pixel pitch

76
Q

For each labeled image below, identify the image that exhibits the smallest pixel size.

A

A

77
Q

The artifact depicted in the image below indicates what kind of error?

A. Too much scatter
B. A sampling error
C. Off-centering grid error
D. Quantum mottle

A

B. A sampling error

78
Q

A microcalcification measures 0.4 mm in size. If an imaging system has a matrix size of 1024 and a FOV of 26 cm, will the calcification show up on the image?

A. Yes
B. No
C. It is impossible to answer

A

A. Yes

79
Q

In digital imaging, an example of post-processing an image would be:

A. Image annotation by the radiographer
B. Faulty pixel correction
C. Minimizing noise
D. Correcting for inconsistencies in the x-ray beam (anode heel effect)

A

A. Image annotation by the radiographer

80
Q

What is the spatial frequency of a 24 cm FOV with a 512 matrix?

A. 0.47 lp/mm
B. 5.42 lp/mm
C. 1.06 lp/mm
D. 2.13 lp/mm

A

C. 1.06 lp/mm

81
Q

The type of noise that is congruent with audio noise, such as the static white noise heard on frequencies between radio stations is:

A. Compton noise
B. System noise
C. Ambient noise
D. Quantum mottle noise

A

B. System noise

82
Q

As Spatial Frequency increases, what happens to MTF?

A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. No change

A

A. Decreases

83
Q

If all attempts have been made to decrease noise, what is one thing a radiographer can do to improve the SNR?

A. Increase the mAs
B. Increase the SID
C. Use the large FS
D. Decrease the mAs

A

A. Increase the mAs

84
Q

This processing domain allows the computer to sort image data according to gray shades that are assigned to pixels.

A. Geometric domain
B. Intensity domain
C. Frequency domain
D. Spatial domain

A

B. Intensity domain

85
Q

Image data can be separated into different frequencies by means of the:

A. Nyquist Theorum
B. Spatial Domain
C. Reverse Fourier Transform
D. Fourier Transform

A

D. Fourier Transform

86
Q

A wave has a frequency of 8 Hz. According to the Nyquist Theorum, what is the minimum number of samples the computer must take in order to reduce artifact?

A. 3 samples
B. 16 samples
C. 8 samples
D. 10 samples

A

B. 16 samples

87
Q

What is the most realistic way a radiographer can reduce the impact of ambient noise?

A. Select the appropriate algorithm on the console for the part
B. Erase CR cassettes before use if they have not been used for several hours
C. Use a high-pass filter
D. Collimate properly

A

B. Erase CR cassettes before use if they have not been used for several hours

88
Q

A computer interface protocol that sets standards for communication and transferring of non-image related medical information to other healtcare organizations.

A. RIS
B. PACS
C. DICOM
D. HL-7

A

D. HL-7

89
Q

The type of computer network that manages the flow of images and data within the hospital/clinic setting only.

A. Teleradiology
B. LAN
C. WAN
D. DICOM

A

B. LAN

90
Q

What processing algorithm might be constructed in the intensity domain?

A. Image Flip
B. Histogram
C. Magnification
D. Edge enhancement

A

B. Histogram

91
Q

The type of computer memory that is permanently stored in the hard drive is:

A. RAM
B. ROM
C. DRAM
D. SRAM

A

B. ROM

92
Q

10 bytes is equal to

A. 80 bits
B. 100 bits
C. 1024 bits
D. 1000 bits

A

A. 80 bits

93
Q

Reducing the numerical size of digital images for transferring and storage is called:

A. segmentation
B. coding
C. thresholding
D. compression

A

D. compression

94
Q

Which of the following has the most RAM?

A. 2.5 GB
B. 4.8 KB
C. 3 MB
D. 2.8 TB

A

D. 2.8 TB

95
Q

Which of the following computers has the fastest processor?

A. 3.1 GHz
B. 3.2 MHz
C. 4.5 Hz
D. 2.3 GHz

A

A. 3.1 GHz

96
Q

The CNR can be measured by:

A. Region of Interest (ROI)
B. The Spatial Frequency
C. The Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
D. The Exposure Indicator

A

A. Region of Interest (ROI)

97
Q

In Computed Radiography, the Field of View is determined by the

A. The processing algorithms
B. Size of the collimation field
C. Size of the IR
D. The matrix size

A

C. Size of the IR

98
Q

An imaging system with superior low contrast resolution would be useful in imaging a patient’s:

A. thorax
B. abdomen
C. hand
D. foot

A

B. abdomen

99
Q

How many possible shades of gray does a 10 bit depth system have?

A. 10000
B. 1024
C. 20
D. 10

A

B. 1024

100
Q

All of the following would be considered output devices except:

A. Printer
B. Mouse
C. Speaker
D. Monitor

A

B. Mouse

SPRING 2024: Principles II (13 decks)

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