Unit 2, Review Flashcards
What is the term for the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell?
Ploidy
What are the two types of cell division?
Meiosis and Mitosis
What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; Prokaryotic cells do not
What are the four levels of protein structure?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
What are the two main types of secondary structures in proteins?
- Beta sheets
- Alpha helix
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix
What type of interactions occur between R groups in proteins?
R group interactions
What is a polynucleotide strand?
A chain of nucleotides in DNA or RNA
What is the function of RNA Endonuclease?
Removes introns from the mRNA
What is the role of Transcription Factors?
Recognize and bind to promoter regions in DNA for RNA creation
What does Topoisomerase do?
Creates cuts in the DNA strands to reduce tension during replication
What is the function of DNA Ligase?
Seals the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA after replication
What is the role of Histone proteins?
DNA wraps around these proteins to enter a condensed form
What does PolyA Polymerase do?
Adds adenine bases after the consensus sequence, forming the Poly A tail
What is the function of Telomerase?
Synthesizes nucleotides to the end of the chromosome in germline cells
What is the role of Primase in DNA replication?
Adds RNA primers to DNA to promote replication
What does the Spliceosome do?
Cleaves the pre-mRNA sequence after the consensus sequence
What is the function of Ribosomes?
Build polypeptide chains of amino acids
What is the role of RNA Polymerase?
Attaches nucleotide bases together to build a new strand of RNA
What does Helicase do during DNA replication?
Unwinds the DNA to allow access for replication machinery
What is the function of DNA Polymerase?
Attaches nucleotide bases together to build a new strand of DNA
Which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
Which bases pair together in DNA?
- Adenine with Thymine
- Cytosine with Guanine
How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine?
2 bonds
Which base is unique to RNA?
Uracil
What is the 5’ carbon in a nucleotide?
The carbon attached to the phosphate group
Which carbon has an OH group for RNA nucleotides?
The 2’ carbon
True or False: DNA replication is semi-conservative.
True
True or False: Both strands of a double stranded DNA molecule have their 5’ ends at the same end.
False
True or False: The template strand is the strand of DNA being built during replication.
False
True or False: The lagging strand is created in small sections called Okazaki Fragments.
True
What direction does DNA/RNA polymerase move on the template strand?
3’ to 5’
What direction are new nucleotides added to a new DNA or RNA strand?
5’ to 3’
What direction do ribosomes move on mRNA?
5’ to 3’
What direction is the leading strand template running?
3’ to 5’
What direction is the lagging strand template running?
5’ to 3’
What is the process of translation?
A step in protein synthesis where information encoded in mRNA is translated into amino acids
What determines the protein’s structure?
The amino acid sequence
What is a sequence of 3 nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid called?
Codon
In pre-initiation, what is charged?
tRNA
In initiation, what begins to be built?
Polypeptide chain
In elongation, what is added?
More peptides
In termination, what does the ribosome reach?
Stop codon
True or False: mRNA can only be translated by one ribosome at a time.
False
What is the minimum number of nucleotides for a polypeptide made of 329 amino acids?
987 nucleotide bases
Which ribosome site contains a tRNA without an amino acid attached?
E site
Which ribosome site do aminoacyl tRNAs enter?
A site
Where is the growing polypeptide strand always located in the ribosome?
P site
Are CUU and UCC synonymous codons?
No, they code for different amino acids
Are AGG and CGG synonymous codons?
Yes, they both code for Arg
What are the first four amino acids in the mRNA sequence 5’-CAUGGGAUCGUUUGACC-3’?
His-Gly-Ile-Val
What happens if the first ‘C’ in the sequence is at -1?
Met-Gly-Ser-Ser
What happens if the first ‘C’ in the sequence is at -9?
Val
What is the focus of epigenetic regulation?
Is the gene accessible?
What does transcriptional regulation determine?
Can transcription start?
What does post-transcriptional regulation affect?
What does mRNA look like?
What does translational regulation affect?
Can translation start?
What does post-translational regulation determine?
What does the protein look like and how long will it last?
