Unit 2 Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

A

Hindsight bias

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2
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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3
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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4
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

A

Operational definition

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6
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in discrete terms situations

A

Replication

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7
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case study

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8
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic observation

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9
Q

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

Survey

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10
Q

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling bias

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11
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

Population

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12
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random sample

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13
Q

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

A

Correlation

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14
Q

A statistical index of he relationship between two variables

A

Correlation coefficient

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15
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

A

Scatter plot

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16
Q

The perception of a relationship where none exists

A

Illusory correlation

17
Q

A research method In which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observers the effect on some behavior or mental process

A

Experiment

18
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental group

19
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

A

Random assignment

20
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

A

Double-blind procedure

21
Q

Effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

Placebo effect

22
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable who’s effect is being studied

A

Independent variable

23
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

Confounding variable

24
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

25
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

26
Q

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups

A

Descriptive statistics

27
Q

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

A

Mode

28
Q

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

29
Q

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

A

Median

30
Q

A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

Skewed distribution

31
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

32
Q

A compotes measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

Standard deviation

33
Q

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean

A

Normal curve

34
Q

Numerical data that allow one to generalize to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

A

Inferential statistics

35
Q

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

Statistical significance

36
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

37
Q

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed consent

38
Q

The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

Debriefing