unit 2 - religion (1529-1588) Flashcards
when did henry viii break from rome?
1534 during the act of supremacy
what did the break from rome mean?
the papal supremacy had gone to the monarch (henry viii)
what were the three causes of the break from rome?
-pre-reformation church
-‘kings great matter’
-need for revenue
what were the three groups of critics of the pre-reformation church?
- humanist critics - disliked the poor standard of teaching for the clergy
- lollards - didnt like the church due to its wealth and greed
- Protestants - different relationship to god and focused on prayer (not rituals etc)
this meant that the break from rome was plausable
how did the kings great matter cause the break from rome?
this was henry viii’s want to get divorced form catherine of aragon, which was only achieved in 1532 with cromwells new legislation
how did henrys need for revenue cause the break from rome?
as henry viii could dissolve the catholic monasteries and generate revenue for wars
what were the two pieces of legislation cromwell put in place to break with rome and remove the popes power? when were these?
act in restraint of annates - 1532 (reduced annates to 5%)
act of restraint of appeals - 1533 - (all legal ruling took place in england and NOT ROME)
definition of annates?
a yearly payment to the pope to have an appointment
when was the first act of succession? what did it mean?
1534 - passed the throne onto the children of the current wifes kids
when was the ten articles implemented? what did it mean?
1536 - rejected four of the seven catholic sacraments (useful as a catalyst for future religious change 34)
when were the royal injunctions during henry viii’s reign? what did it mean?
1538 - ordered an English bible in every church
when did cromwell perform visitations to the monasteries?
1535
who was thomas cranmer? what key pieces of legisaltion did he produce?
the leader of the english reformation, he wrote the first and second book of common prayer and supported thre reformation
how many religious houses were dissolved in 1520s?
29
what were the purpose of the visitations performed by cromwell?
the gauge the extent of the church’ wealth and to cast the monasteries in a negative light.
when was the first act of dissolution?
1536
what did the first act of dissolution mean?
all monastic houses under £200 a year were dissolved
how many monasteries were dissolved in 1538?
202
what did the second act of dissolution mean?
this legitimised the already surrendered monasteries
when was the second act of dissolution?
1539
how many monasteries were dissolved in total, how many monks pensioned off? what year?
563 monasteries
8000 monks
how much did royal revenue increase from the dissolution of the monasteries?
income doubled from 110,000 annually to 250,000 annually
what did the dissolution of the monasteries mean for the working class?
as monasteries/chantries were traditonally sources of help for the poor, this exacerbated poverty
how many martyrs died from opposing the authority of henry as head of state?
50
why did people oppose the reformation?
- removed traditional latin bibles, and saint days
- catholicism was deeply rooted into society at the time
- people liked catherine of aragon
who was a key figure that opposed the henrican reformation?
thomas more - as a devout catholic, opposed the divorce and so resigned from his post (1532) as councillor - eventually executed
what evidence was there that the henrican reformation did not have opposition?
- some people did not notice any changes and continued going to church
- people didnt think it would last
- scared of cromwell
when were the royal visitations in the edwardian reformation? what did they mean?
1547 - examined the state of the church and its doctrine
when were the royal injunctions during the edwardian reformation? what did this do?
1547 - made sure every church had protestant literature in every parish
when was the chantries act during the edwardian reformation? what did it mean?
1547 december - this was an add-on to the act of dissolution, which condemned prayers for the dead (key catholic practice)
when was the book of homilies introduced during the edwardian reformation? what did it mean?
1547 July - this was the new testament that was introducerd in every parish, and was put in every church
how many chantries were dissolved during the chantries act of 1547?
3000
when was the first book of prayer introduced? what did it mean?
1548 - this was a protestant liturgy to be read in church and reomved any catholic images
when was the new treason act during edwards reign? what did it mean?
1552 - made it an offense to question the royal supremacy
when was the second book of common prayer introduced? what did it mean?
1552 - this was fully protestant and removed any traces of catholicism
what act enforced the second book of common prayer? what did it do?
the second act of uniformity, made it illegal to not attend church
when were the 42 articles submitted?
1552 november - protestant idealogies
how did king edward play a role in the increasing presence of protestantism?
- attended privy council meetings
- unsatisifed with the first book of common prayer
although as a minor couldnt play a significant role
what role did protector somerset play in the increasing presence of protestantism?
- during his time, first prayer book implemented
treason laws also implemented
alhtough, restrained by his concern of rebellions
what role did the duke of northumberland play in the increasing presence of protestantism?
- head of government as a catholic
- limited - he wanted power more than religion, therefore he only supported the reformation due to the money available with stripping monasteries etc
what role did thomas cranmer play in the increasing presence of protestantism?
he wrote the prayer books and 42 articles
but was more fond of royal supremacy rather than religious power
what role did john hooper play in the increasing presence of protestantism?
-leader of the evangelical protestants, particularly radical and had the favour of edward (e.g. given bishop of gloucester in 1550)
were there much opposition to the edwardian reformation?
not much, only the western rebellion ad Edward Bonner who was easily suppressed
what year did northumberland attempt to tap into the remaining monastic wealth? how much wealth?
1553 - worth £1,087,978
why did mary’s counter-reformation have a slower pace of change?
- royal supremacy was widely supported by the elites
- her marriage to phillip of spain was unsupported as he was a foreigner
when was the act of repeal? what did it do?
1554 - the act of repeal was passed, which ended royal supremacy and restored papal authority
she began with returning the monastic lands but not effective as no monasteries
what two tactics did mary use to reinforce her counter-reformation?
persuasion and persecution
what was mary’s tactic of persuasion?
the pope paid for catholic publications of the ‘catholic new testament’
the pope founded cathedral schools
how many copies of the protestant prayer book was in circulation and what did this mean for the counter-reformation?
19,000 copies of the protestant prayer book were in circulation which reduced the effect of her propse counter-reformation
why didnt mary’s tactic of persuasion work?
lack of consistency is supressing the protestant word as protestant authors could still write
very short reign - no room for long-term effectiveness
what was mary’s tactic of persecution?
dracionian methods of making people move away from protestantism
how many religious executions were there in the last three years of mary’s reign?
274
what were the key factors hindering marys counter reformation?
- the very short length of her reign (3 years)
- monasteries had been sold, so it was difficult to get it back into the ordinary lives of the public
- catholic writers still going
- burning people at the stake was not an effective detterant and turned her supporters against her
when was elizabeths act of supremacy? what did it do?
act of supremacy (1559) - made elizabeth the ‘supreme head of the church of england’
when did elizabeth implement the 39 articles? what did it do?
1563 - laid down an official document and made all members of the clergy follow them (mix of protestantism/catholicism)
when did elizabeth implement acts of uniformity? what did it do?
1559 - made book of common prayer in every church but allowed the marriage of clergy
when was the new testament translated into welsh?
1563 - supposed to help with religious uniformity of the settlement in Wales
what problems did elizabeth face during her reign?
-recusancy
- puritanism
- mary queen of scots
what is recusancy?
act of refusing the protestant religion and not going to church
when was the ridolfi plot uncovered? what did it mean?
1571 - plans to kill elizabeth and replace with mary
catholicsm was a threat to elizabeths crown
when did the pope excommunicate elizabeth? what did this mean?
1570 - made any catholics free from any loyalty to her
demonstrated that catholicsm was a threat to her survival on the throne
when was elizabeths treason act introduced? what did it mean?
1571 - made denying elizabeths supremacy/following popes orders punishable by death
how many recusants were there in 1582?
1,939
how much were people fined for not going to church?
1 shilling - made the settlement more integrated into the lower class
what was puritanism?
an extreme protestant that wanted to remove all traces of catholicsm
how many puritan priests were dismissed in 1566 as a result of not following the settlement?
37
who challenged elizabeths new book of common prayer? when?
walter strickland, 1571 a puritan MP, got banned from house of commons for his suggestions
who did elizabeth strip of his title as a result of being sympathetic to puritan methods?
Edmund Grindel, 1576
when was the northern rebellion and what was marys involvement in it? how many supporters?
1569 - plan was to replace elizabeth with MQS with 4000 supporters by supporting northumberland
elizabeths forces stopped them and those responsible executed
what was the biggest denomination of puritanism?
presyterian - wanted to take away power from the bishops, biggest support
however elizabeth imprisoned many of them (e.g. wentworth) so had no chance for movement
when was the ridofi plot? who supported it?
1571 - the pope & norfolk supported this to replace elizabeth with MQS
eventually executed norfolk as a deterrent
why was mary queen of scots such a threat to elizabeths rule?
she had a legitimate claim to the throne, very catholic so gave them someone to support
when was the bond of association? why was this significant to elizabeths reign?
1584 - this tells us that threat increased over time, this legislation ensures if elizabeth dies then those repsonsible would get punished
how could it be argued that MQS threat was minimal? when did she sign the death threat?
elizabeths reluctance to execute her,
signed 1587 reluctantly
when did mary ban the printing of seditious rumours? what did it mean? why didnt it work?
1553 - banned protestant writers and made writing slander of mary treason
wasnt enforced properly enough
