unit 1 - politics and government (1485-1603) Flashcards
when was the battle of Bosworth? who won?
august 22nd 1485
henry vii, defeated richard iii
why was henry insecure as a monarch?
he was a usurper with a tenuous legitimacy to the throne
why was henry vii’s upbringing useful as a monarch?
as a child, he observed court politics and had real-life experience in the political scene, whereas many other monarchs had upbringings of wealth and never seen political reality
how did henry vii put his experience as a child in politics to use?
he kept his inner circle very small:
(e.g. his mother Margaret Beaufort)
how many peers did henry vii have at the start of his reign compared to the end?
start of reign = 50 peers & 16 major peers
end of reign = 35 peers & 10 major peers
what methods did henry use to reward the nobles?
patronage (giving power/land)
order of the garter (prestige)
kings council (closest peers - confidence)
great council (meetings of noblemen to agree)
how many knights of the garter did henry make?
37
who were the two respected councillors henrys kings council?
john morton (1486-1500)
william warham (1504-09)
what methods did henry use to punish the nobles?
bonds and recognisances (formal debt if failed king)
feudal dues (wardships & marriages)
retaining (recruiting gentry to fight)
crown lands (gaining back land)
how much was dowager duchess of Birmingham fined in 1496 for marrying without the kings consent?
£7,000
how much land did henry vii return to the property of the crown in his reign?
5x more from previous monarch
how many noble families gave bonds and recognisances to the crown betwen 1485-1509?
36 out of 62 families
what act and when did henry vii put in place to recover all properties lost in the war of the roses?
acts of resumption 1486
why did henry vii need to control the nobles?
- help to restore the primacy of the monarch
- encouraging loyalty
- safer domestic situation
- reduce oppostion while not giving too much power away
- usurper
how did henry vii not deal with the nobles well?
- magnates (local authority) were still powerful and controlled lots of crown lands
- some nobles did rise against him & supported the warbeck plot
how many times did parliament meet during henry vii’s reign?
7
how did henry vii go about controlling parliament?
he did not make any changes, adressed problems where they arose and was only used for finances and security
how much money did parliament give henry vii annually?
£33,000
how did henry vii control the great council? how many summoned?
5 were summoned and served the purpose of getting noblemen to agree with him and were often nin relation to war
how did henry vii control the royal council?
he was very involved in government decisions and appointed people with skill and people he trusted (large scale)
how did henry vii control the council learned in law?
this was a smaller scale commitee responsible for supervising the feudal lords, recognisances.. these were used on a regular basis to maintain punishment
how did henry vii control the regional government?
wales - the council inwales and marches in 1493, althoughno threat due to family links
north - installled Thomas Howard to lead the council of the north after 1489
how did henry vii control the local government? how did he maintain this?
henry increased the importance of JP’s (Justices of peace - public order in their jurisdiction and would reinforce the king’s laws as they directly answered to the king) and maintained the loyalty by reappointing them
what is an example of the increasing power of JP’s as a result of henry vii? when?
1495 - gave them power to deal with juries and grant bail (power in the law)
how many people were in lambert simnels army comapred to henry vii’s?
lambert simnel - his mother margaret of burgundy, raised 2000 mercearies, had an army of 8,000
henry vii - army of 12,000
when was the battle of stoke? what occurred?
16 June 1487 - henry vii’s forces defeated lambert simnels forces
why did henry vii put lambert simnel to a life in the kitchens?
as to not turn lambert simnel into a martyr and gather anymroe support for the rebel
when did perkin warbeck go to france? then where did he move to folllowing this?
france - 1492
burgundy - 1493
scotland - 1495
cornwall - 1497
what treaties did henry put in place to counter perkin warbeck?
treaty of etaples - 1492 nov (drive out of france)
treaty of ayton - july 1497 (out of scotland)
captured him after the cornish rebellion then executed
who were the pretenders?
perkin warbeck
lambert simnel
both - impersonating to gain power on the throne
what did henry vii’s foreign policy centre around?
the need for security, often his foreign policy was defensive and diplomatic due to the nature of his succession
why was henry vii unsuccessful in overseeing irelands government?
irelands roots as a yorkist country
too expensive so reverted back to relying onnlocal nobles to oversee the law
why was scotland such an extensive threat the the tudor crown?
scotland had aligned with france, a superpower at the time and it was a backdoor to england for invasion
what treaty did henry vii put in place to reduce the threat scotland posed?
treaty of ayton 1497, this was a 7 year truce between the two countries
what treaty did henry put in place to reduce the threat of spain?
the treaty of marina del campo - 1489
- this prevented spain from harbouring any rebels
(still catholic at this time so freindly)
how was burgundy a threat to foriegn policy? who was a key figure?
burgundy was very heavily Yorkist, with margaret of burgundy providing substantial backing to the pretenders
how many mercenaries did margaret of burgundy raise for lambert simnel?
2000
what treaty did henry negociate with france, and when?
1492 - treaty of etaples
this meant that france could not harbour rebels
how much money did france give to the tudor crown as a result of the treaty of etaples?
£5000 annually
when were the council in wales and marches revived by henry?
1493 - gave order to wales
why wasnt wales a threat to henry vii?
henry vii’s family link to wales meant that he did not have to fear invasion
what does municipal mean?
relating to a town/district and its governing body
what was the traditional financial framework of the crown?
the exchequer - pay money in and out od audit accounts
why was the exchequer not efficient?
it was slow and complicated and the monarch had little control of the cash flow
when was the exchequer abolished and the chamber introduced?
1487
what percent of the crown income did the chamber control?
90% - meant henry had more control
why did henry vii need to tightly control his finances?
he needed stability (not too many changes), security (fund armies), status (look the part of wealthy)
what forms of ordinary revenue could henry vii rely on?
feudal dues
crown lands
how much was henry vii’s income form crown landsin 1509?
£42,000
what forms of extraordinary revenue could henry vii rely on?
bonds and recognisances - (secured loyalty)
parliamentary grants - (money from parliament often for a war)
loans and benevolances - (money from rich nobles)
what are some examples of parliamentary grants?
1496 - defending againts the warbeck threat
how much money did he church give henry vii for his war against france in 1489?
£25,000
what evidence was there of rifts between henry vii and the church?
henry felt threatened by eccestial jurisdiction, that the popes authority should not threatening his secuirty as a monarch
what is eccestial jurisdiction?
the church having its own separate courts/legal system
what was catholicism like during henry vii’s reign?
it was ubiquitious
what was wolseys domestic policies like?
he was essentially the government of the country - increased the presence of common law courts and star chamber
what treaty did wolsey implement in 1518?
treaty of london - all peers agreed to peace
what led to wolsey’s demise? when was he dismissed?
his inability to convince the pope that henry viii and Cathrine of aragon should get a divorce
1529 September
what act did wolsey put in place to set wartime taxes a certain amount?
the subsidy act of 1521- long standing as lasted 100 years
what treaty did wolsey implement that was ignored when attempting peace in france?
the treaty of cambrai, 1529
when did cromwell abolish sanctuary? what did this do to henry viii security?
1540 -heightened his security
when did cromwell implement the court of augmentation? what did it do to the crown income?
- doubled the crown income from £150,000 to £300,000
when did cromwell implement the protestant church to get henry viii a divorce form catherine of Aaragon?
1536
what led to cromwells demise?
cromwell implementing the ten articles, giving a more protestant view of the church - henry viii was unhappy which began their disagreements
when did cromwell implement the acts of union and when did cromwell increase the power of the court of the north?
1536
what evidence demonstartes that cromwell was responsible for the revolution in government?
- created a privy council between 1534-1536
- set up the court of augmentations (1536)
- broke from Rome
- created the acts of union
what evidence demonstrates that there was no revolution in government, but evolution?
- that papal authority had been waning,
-gov reforms had already been taking place (chamber)
what evidence demonstrates that only henry viii could be responsible for revolution in government?
- he was always able to intervene in politics
- stance on the ‘imperial crown’ and supremacy over the crown
- he killed bothe cromwell and wolsey
what evidence demonstrates that parliament created a revolution in government?
- as a very stable parliament, had MP’s with experience - any decisions that the king made had to be in cooperation with parliament
what political challenges did elizabeth face as a female monarch after 588?
- she was a female, in a male-dominated political system
- country were religiously unstable
how many times did elizabeth call her privy council during her 46 year reign?
13
what percent of MP’s spoke during elizabeths parliament? what did this do?
10%
reduced the amount of pwoer that Mp’s could have on the issues of the country
what did elizabeth ban her subjects from talking about bout in parliament? when?
her successor
1566
by how much did Elizabeths privy council increase from 1559-1603? suggests?
400 to 462
her reduced power as lots of people argue against her
who were the MP group that sought religious reform? when?
the puritan choir.- 40 MP’s
1573
what was the purpose of elizabeths privy council?
- manage gov and finance
- give advise to the monarch
how many memebrs were there in elizabeths privy council in 1559 & 1597?
1559 - 19 members
1597 - 10 members
how did elizabeth control her privy council?
- kept acccurate notes and questioned the memebers
- consulted outside perspectives on the topics at hand
what title was robert dudley given by elizabeth in 1564?
given the title of earl of leicester to help relations with mary (scots)
what did robert dudley do to demonstrate conflict to elizabeth?
they disagreed on the foreign policy and marriage of elizabeth
what title did elizabeth give robert deveraux? when was he made a privy councillor?
- he was made master of the house as the queen favourite courtier and was made a privy councillor in 1593
when did robert deveraux lead an uprising against elizabeth?
1601
when did william cecil become the lord treasurer?
1572
how many MP’s did william cecil appoint in 1584?
26
what did william cecil oversee?
- the exchequer
- the privy council
- overall government legislation
what year did elizabeths privy council divide over sending military aid to fight against Spain??
1578
what did elizabeth and her privy council completely disagree on?
the death warrant of mary queen of scots - (divisive)
