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Biology-12 > Unit 2: Quiz > Flashcards

Unit 2: Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an auto ionization?

A

When two water molecules collide with each other to produce OH- (hydroxide) ion and H3O+ (hydronium) ion
- Can remember by it automatically ionizes (positive and negative ions)

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2
Q

What determines pH?

A

Acidity of a solution can be described in terms of its hydronium ion concentration (H3O+) (if there are more hydronium becomes acidic less basic)

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3
Q

What is the pH formula?

A

pH= -log10(H3O+)

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4
Q

What happens when H30+ increases

A

pH decreases (because of negative logarithmic scale, the negative in the formula)
- Ten times increase in (H30+) only causes decrease of one pH unit

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5
Q

What do acids do when dissolved in water?

A

Increase (H3O+) when dissolved in water

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6
Q

What is a great strong acid

A

Hydrochloric acid because it ionizes completely when dissolved in water (hydronium)

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7
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

Acetic acid (vinegar) only partially ionize in water

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8
Q

What do bases do when they are dissolved in water?

A

Substances that increase OH-

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9
Q

What is strong base?

A

Sodium hydroxide

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10
Q

What is a weak base?

A

Ammonia only partially ionizes in water

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11
Q

What is the point of an acid and base buffer?

A

Buffers- substances that resist changes in pH

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12
Q

What do buffers consist of?

A

Consist of conjugate acid-base pairs in equilibrium. In humans the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer is important!!!!!

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13
Q

What does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer important?

A

H2O+CO2–) (–H2CO3 –) (–HCO3- + H+

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14
Q

How do acids and bases differ in terms of how they behave when added to pure water?

A

Acids cause the production of hydronium ions, increasing H+ concentration and lowering the pH, bases cause the production of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, increasing OH- concentration and raising the pH

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15
Q

How do buffers in your cells help to keep your body functioning properly?

A

Buffers help to maintain proper pH levels in diff cells in the body by being able to absorb excess hydronium or hydroxide ions. Buffers are weak acids or weak bases to accomplish this

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16
Q

Why would it be inaccurate to say that a buffer is a solution that maintains a constant pH?

A

A buffer solution is one that maintains a relatively constant pH when H+ or OH- are added. However, the pH can change slightly. It remains relatively constant not completely constant

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17
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Relative clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone of organic molecules

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18
Q

Why are functional groups called relative?

A

Because of instability of…
a) polar nature of covalent bond
b) presences of multiple bonds (double and triple bonds)

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19
Q

What is hydroxyl?

A

OH (found in alcohol and sugars)

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20
Q

What is amino?

A

NH2 (found in proteins and bases)

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21
Q

What is sulfhydryl?

A

SH (found in rubber and protein)

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22
Q

What is phosphate?

A

PO4 (found in ATP, DNA and RNA)

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23
Q

What is carboxyl?

A

COOH (found in acids)

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24
Q

What is carbonyl?

A

Aldehyde (COH) found in sugars and formaldehyde

Also Ketone (CO) found in sugars and acetone

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25
Q

What is the primary purpose of the functional groups that are found in organic molecules?

A

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within organic molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule is it a part of

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26
Q

How do functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attraction between molecules?

A

Helps to determine if a molecule is polar or non polar. This property determines the types of solvents and molecules that it is attracted to. For ex, polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic compounds and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds

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27
Q

What role does oxygen play in most functional groups?

A

Determines polarity either loses or gains electrons to form bonds

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28
Q

What organelles have a plasma membrane?

A
  • Nucleus (nuclear DNA)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (packing proteins)
  • Golgi body (pathway for proteins to move)
  • Mitochondria (powerhouse of cell makes ATP)
  • Chloroplasts (in anything that photosynthesizes like plants, algae, protists)
  • Lysosome (chemical digestion, containing digestion enzymes)
  • Vacuole (contains water, nutrients, wastes, manufacturing proteins; animals have many vacuoles and plants only have 1)
29
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Maintain shape
  • Transport in and out
30
Q

Why do cells need a membrane?

A
  • Cells need to separate the interior from the outside environment (let in food, sugars, proteins let out waste, ammonia etc)
  • Cell membrane is the boundary and is think (8nm thick)
  • Control traffic in and out of cell
  • Allows some materials to cross more easily- selectively permeable
31
Q

What does selectively permeable mean in terms of cell membranes?

A

Selective in the materials it lets in

32
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospolipid bilayer
- Non-polar Fatty acid tails- hydrophobic (water hating)
- Polar Phospahte group head- hydrophilic (water loving)

33
Q

What proteins make up the cell membrane?

A
  • Integral proteins: transmembrane proteins (within the membrane)
  • Peripheral proteins: attached to surface (attached to side of the eye doesn’t go through membrane)
34
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A
  • Structural support- anchor
  • Recognition and communication- receptors (fight or flight responses)
  • Enzymes (chemical reaction, materials broke and made)
  • Transportation- channels (materials in and out)
35
Q

What carbohydrates make up the membrane?

A
  • Glycolipid: lipid with a carbohydrate chain attached, help cell to recognize other cells of body (lipids help you to recognize to lose weight)
  • Glycoprotein: protein with carbohydrate chain attached, help in cell to cell communication and transport (protein help to transport you strength)
36
Q

What cholesterol makes up the membrane?

A
  • Cholesterol is embedded in phospholipid bilayer
  • Helps keep fluidity of membrane consistent (keeps it together but maintains flexibility; like weak)
37
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

That membranes are not static (fluid), flexible polar and non polar not attached but pushed together, fat with fat because hate water), and how they are made up of many components (mosaic)

38
Q

Study the phospholipid bilayer diagram with all components

A

Look at notes

39
Q

What can cross the membrane directly?

A
  • Fats and other lipids (cholesterol) is because it is nonpolar
40
Q

How do substances cross?

A
  • Protein channels: “act as doors”- become semi-permeable
  • Allow certain substances in and out (insulin allows protein channels to open)
41
Q

Why are proteins used for channels?

A

Within membrane:
- Hydrophobic
- Anchors protein into membrane

Outer surface of membrane:
- Hydrophilic (orientates towards where the water is)
- Extend into extracellular fluid and cytosol

Proteins are made up of amino acids in which they can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic

42
Q

What are the two types of movement across a membrane…

A

Passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis)

Active transport

43
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • Move from high concentration to a low concentration if given opportunity finds space (don’t like being crowded)
  • No energy (does it naturally)
44
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
  • Movement of small substances directly across membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration
  • No energy needed
  • Needs space happens when there is not equal distribution, when equilibrium has been established then it stops
45
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion through protein channels (need help facilitated there is a pathway) from HIGH to LOW concentration
  • No enery needed
46
Q

What is an example of facilities diffusion?

A

When we eat after a meal the sugar we need to fuel our cells go through the protein channels from the use of insulin that is why you get a surge of energy

47
Q

Similarities and differences between simple vs facilitated diffusion?

A

Similarities: both go from high to low concentration, both aid in transportation of materials across cell membrane, they do not require energy (passive transport)

Differences: one requires a protein channel to transport materials while the other does not

48
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water from high to low concentration (across a semi-permeable membrane)

49
Q

Which way will water flow (more to less water)

A

Movement of water from high to low

50
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

More solute less water

51
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Less solute more water

52
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Same amount of solute and water

53
Q

What does a hypotonic solution do to a cell?

A

Water goes into more to less concentration in cell and causes lysis

54
Q

What does hypertonic solution cause?

A

Causes the cell to shrivel since more water in cell and more solute in container so moves out of cell

55
Q

Label osmosis diagram in notes

A

On notes

56
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules against concentration gradient (goes from low to high) and requires energy ATP to do so

57
Q

What does active transport usually flow through?

A

Vesticles and vacuoles

58
Q

What does endocytosis mean?

A

Moving in

59
Q

What does exocytosis mean?

A

Moving out

60
Q

What does phagocytosis mean?

A

cellular eating

61
Q

What does pinocytosis mean?

A

cellular drinking

62
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

63
Q

What do differences in shape of isomers lead to?

A

Differences in their chemical and physical properties

64
Q

What is an example of an isomer?

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose have same molecular formula but different structures

65
Q

What are the 3 structural isomers of glucose?

A

In dry state, glucose has a linear structure, but when disavowed in water, molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures… alpha and beta glucose

alpha has one H up and OH down

beta has OH up and H down

Differ only in orientation of a single hydroxyl (OH) group

66
Q

What is a polymer (chain) of alpha glucose?

A

Starch easily digested

67
Q

What is a polymer of beta glucose?

A

Cellulose (more difficult to digest because of the bonds go up and down b more complicated than a)

68
Q

What does structure=function mean?

A

Isomers illustrate that structures of a molecule determine the function of that molecule ex. starch vs cellulose how starch is isomer of glucose the alpha and cellulose is isomer of beta but they are chains (polymers)

Biology-12 (8 decks)

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