Unit 1: Test Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
What is random and normal variation?
A
Errors that can be caused by changes in the material used, or by changes in the condition under which the experiment is carried out
2
Q
Convert the following to absolute uncertainties 3.5 cm +/- 10%
A
0.35
3
Q
How can random and normal variation be minimized?
A
By carefully selecting materials and careful control of variables, averaging the results of multiple trials also helps to minimize it
4
Q
Explain one mistake on lab…
A
Either systematic or random error
5
Q
What is meant by half-life?
A
The amount of time it takes for a radioactive substance to decay
6
Q
What is matter?
A
Anything that has mass and occupies space
- composed of atoms
7
Q
Convert the following to absolute uncertainties…
16 s +/- 8%
A
1.28
8
Q
Calculate the following to percent uncertainties…
2.70+/- 0.05 cm
A
1.85%
9
Q
What is human error?
A
Human errors occur when tools, instruments or protocols are used or read incorrectly
10
Q
What is degrees of precisions of uncertainty in data
A
Students must choose an approximate instrument for measuring such things as length, volume, pH, snd light intensity
11
Q
What are protons charge, location and mass in atomic units?
A
+, in nucleus and around 1.0 U
12
Q
For a liquid which is more accurate…
A graduated cylinder, a pipette or a beaker?
A
Graduated cylinder or pipette is more suitable for measuring a liquid than a beaker
13
Q
What are electron charge, location and mass in atomic units?
A
-, outside and 0.000540
14
Q
What is the act of measuring?
A
When a measurement is taken, this can affect the environment of the experiment
Ex. cold thermometer is put into a test tube with a small volume of water, the water will be cooled by the presence of the thermometer, or when the behaviour of animals is being recorded, the presence of the experimenter may influence the animals behaviour
15
Q
What are replicates and samples?
A
Biological systems are complex and highly variable, multiple samples and replicate observations are therefore necessary in most investigations
16
Q
How many replicates should you do to make an experiment accurate?
A
The lower limit is 5 measurements, or a sample of five, the larger the sample the better
17
Q
What are neutron charge, location and mass in atomic units
A
neutral, in nucleus and around 1.0 U
18
Q
What happens as you add neutrons?
A
Becomes less stable
19
Q
Do electrons orbit around a nucleus?
A
No, they are found within a discrete volume of space called an orbital
20
Q
What is an isotope?
A
Has same number of protons (atomic #), but different number of neutrons (atomic mass)
All isotopes of carbon have same chemical properties, just different masses
21
Q
What is an atomic number
A
The amount of protons and electrons
22
Q
What is atomic mass
A
The number of protons and neutrons
23
Q
What is the degree of precision?
A
It is plus or minus half of the smallest division on the instrument (for each point of uncertainty)
24
Q
What are radioactive emissions?
A
- alpha particles
- beta particles
- gamma rays
25
Convert the following to percent uncertainties...
12.02 +/- 0.08 cm
0.67%
26
What are radioisotopes?
They have an unstable nucleus and emit subatomic particles or energy as they decay into more stable atoms
27
Types of human error...
Human error is both systematic and random
Systematic: because the experimenter does not know how to use the apparatus properly (lab equipment)
Random: because the power of concentration of experiment is fading (covid test analyze late night)
28
What are intramolecular bonds?
Bonds within a molecule
29
What are systematic error and how can they be reduced?
They can be reduced if equipment is regularly checked or calibrates to ensure it is functioning correctly
30
What are alpha particles?
- a helium nucleus
31
What can stop beta particles?
Can be stopped by a sheet of lead
32
What are the positive and negatives or radioisotopes in medicine?
+:
- Can track brain activity, bone activity if using the right molecules to latch on to radioisotopes, tumours with high-energy radioisotopes
-:
- Can damage healthy cells
33
What are ionic bonds?
- Ionic bonds occurs when there is a transfer of one of more electrons from one atom to another (when they lose or gain electrons to forma stable octet)
- The transfer leads to formation of a cation and an anion
- Resulting electrostatic attraction between these two oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bonds
Ex. NaCl
34
What are three types of intramolecular bonds?
- Covalent
- Polar covalent
- Ionic
35
How do radioisotopes help with scientific research?
- Geological and biological research because they study the steady rate of decay
- Provides info about age or organic materials, rock and fossils
36
What are some uses of radioisotopes?
- Trace movement of carbon through biological pathways like respiration and photosynthesis
- Measure rate of bone formation
- Used to date fossils
- Taken up by thyroid gland can be imaged to detect abnormalities
- Emits radiation that can destroy living cells used to treat cancer tumours
37
What type of radioisotopes are preferred in medicine?
- Short half-like times are preferred as longer exposure can be harmful to cells
38
What can stop alpha particles?
A sheet of paper
39
What are beta particles?
- High speed electrons
40
If a molecule contains polar bonds, does it make it polar molecule?
NO!
41
How are radioisotopes used in medicine?
- Inject radioactive material into patient and track its movement in the body (see how brain works and bones)
- Energy emitted from a radioactive decay can be directed to a tumour
42
The type of bond that forms is determined by difference in electronegative of the two atoms involved
If there is essentially no difference (<0.5) then the bond is covalent
If there is a difference between 0.5 and 1.7, the bond is polar covalent
If the difference is equal to or greater than 1.7, the bond is ionic
43
Should you add therefore statements to all half-life questions?
YES!
44
What is a polar molecule?
Has a slight positive charge on one side and slightly negative charge on other (unequal distribution) of charge
45
How does one determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar?
1. Draw a Lewis Diagram for each
2. Determine structural formula of molecule
3. Does molecule have a positive end and a negative end?
4. Look at symmetry
46
What are London Forces?
- Causes bonds that are formed due to temporary unequal distribution of electrons in atom
- Very weak, occur between NONPOLAR molecules
- Cumulative effect of London Forces becomes more significant in large non polar molecules
47
What is electronegativity?
Ability to pull on electrons
48
What is the VSEPR theory?
Electrons push each other away forming different molecular shapes
49
Which are stronger intramolecular or intermolecular forces>
Intramolecular
50
What are tracers?
They are a radioisotope placed in the body on a BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE molecule (glucose, water, ammonia), they give off gamma rays as they decay and are easily detectable (biologically active goes to certain areas and picks up gamma rays shows on images)
51
What is a polar covalent bond?
Occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons within a molecule
For example, in water polar bonds are formed because O has a greater attraction for shared electrons (electronegativity) than H
52
In what ways do hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces between molecules?
By lining up partially positive charged hydrogen atoms with negative charged atoms or diff molecules
53
What are dipole-dipole forces?
- Occurs between polar molecules like HCl
- The slightly positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to slightly negative end of another polar molecule
- Stronger than London forces
54
What are intermolecular bonds?
Bonds between compounds (holds two or more molecules together, forces of attraction)
55
What is dehydration and hydrolysis?
Dehydration: removal of OH and H from 2 reactant molecules, which allows the reactant molecules to form a bond, as well as creating water
Hydrolysis: breaking of a bond between subunits with the addition of water in the form of OH and H to the subunits
56
How can gamma rays be stopped?
By a brick of lead
57
Are polar molecules good solvents?
Yes, because they can disrupt ionic bonds with the slightly negative and positive ends
- When salt and water are mixed, the negative end of water molecules are attracted to the Na+, while the positive end of water are attracted to Cl-
- Water molecules from "spheres of hydration" around ions causing the salt to dissolve
58
What are covalent bonds?
- Not strong enough to take electrons so they share it between atoms to achieve a stable octet
Ex. two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of hydrogen gas (equal sharing of electrons so bond is pure covalent)
59
What are hydrogen bonds?
- Very strong dipole-dipole
- Form between electropositive H of one polar molecule and an electronegative N, O, or F of another
60
What are types of intermolecular forces?
- London forces
- Dipole-dipole forces
- Hydrogen bonds
61
What is reduction and oxidation?
Redox reactions
Reduction: gains electrons (becomes more negative)
Oxidation: loses electrons
62
How does hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of water?
Hydrogen bonds give water a high heat capacity, high boiling/freezing points, high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion
63
What are intermolecular bonds known as
Van der Waals forces
64
What are similarities and different between intramolecular and intermolecular
Intramolecular:
- Bonds within molecules
- Strong attraction between atoms
- Stronger than intermolecular
- Commonly called "bonds"
- Determines if electrons are transferred or shared
Intermolecular:
- Bonds within two or more molecules
- Weak attraction between molecules
- Direct implication on state
- Known as "Van der Waals" forces
65
How does the structure of water account for its properties, such as its boiling point, surface tension and adhesion
Watters lattice structure is stable which leads to a high specific heat of water. High specific heat gives water a high boiling point. Water has the ability to form H-bonds with other polar molecules, which gives water its adhesion properties
66
How does polarity influence waters role as a solvent?
- Polar molecules can surround polar biological molecules or ions, thus dissolving them
- Water is poor as dissolving non polar molecules
67
What are gamma rays?
- Energetic electromagnetic radiation
68
What is the number of electrons equal to?
number of protons
69
Electronegativity of Al and S is 1.5 and 2.5. What type of bond will form within Al2S3?
Polar covalent
70
How many decimal points would the uncertainty value be for a scale that reads 0.003 have?
4
71
What is true about hydrogen bonds?
a. Stronger than ionic bonds
b. Stronger than covalent bonds
c. Stronger than both ionic and covalent bonds
d. Weaker than both ionic and covalent bonds
e. Are a type of intramolecular bond
Weaker than both ionic and covalent bonds
72
Go over uncertainty pics on quiz
On 1st quiz
73
The following are examples of human error:
a. Fatigue
b. Not reading the lab manual before a lab
c. Knowingly using the wrong measuring device
d. Using biologically varied samples
Fatigue
74
Intermolecular forces on non polar molecules is likely:
London forces
75
Describe the similarities and differences between intermolecular and intramolecular bonds
Similarities: bonds between elements and molecules
Differences:
Intra:
- Within a molecule
- Known as bonds
- Stronger
Inter:
- Forces between many molecules
- Known as "Van Der Waals" forces
- Weaker
76
Name a specific radioisotope (include atomic mass) and describe its use
Iodine-131, and it is used with a biologically active material in which when it tries to decay down to its more stable state releases gamma rays in which it is detectable on a photographic device to see abnormalities in the thyroid
77
Calculate how long it takes of 500 g of Carbon 14 to decay into 32.5g if Carbons half life is 5740 years
22,635 years
78
Complete the following:
Bonds:
- C-O
- H-H
- Na-F
What are their differences in EN?
What is the type of bond?
1. 0.89; polar covalent
2. 0; covalent
3. 3.05; ionic
79
In an ionic bond, the electrons are...
Lost by one atom
80
What is auto ionization?
When two water molecules collide with each other to produce OH (hydroxide) ion and H30+ (hydronium) ion
- Can remember by it automatically ionizes (positive and negative ions)
81
What determines ph?
Acidity of a solution can be described in terms of its hydronium ion concentration (H30+) (if there are more hydronium becomes acidic less basic)
82
What happens when H30+ increases?
pH decreases (because of negative logarithmic scale, the negative in the formula)
- Ten times increase in (H30+) only causes decrease of one pH unit
83
What do acids do when dissolved in water?
Increase (H30+) when dissolved in water
84
What is a great strong acid?
Hydrochloric acid because it ionizes completely when dissolved in water (hydronium)
85
What is a weak acid?
Acetic acid (vinegar) only partially ionizes in water
86
What do bases do when they are dissolved in water?
Substances that increase OH-
87
What is a strong base?
Sodium hydroxide
88
What is a weak base?
Ammonia only partially ionizes in water
89
What is the point of an acid and base buffer?
Buffers are substances that resist changes in pH
90
What do buffers consist of?
Consist of conjugate acid-base pairs in equilibrium. In humans the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer is important!!!!
91
What does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer important?
H20+CO2-)(- H2CO3-)(- HCO3- +H+
92
How do acids and bases differ in terms of how they behave when added to pure water?
Acids cause the production of hydronium ions, increasing H+ concentration and lowering the pH, bases cause the production of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, increasing OH- concentration and raising the pH
93
How do buffers in your cells help to keep your body functioning properly?
Buffers help to maintain proper pH levels in diff cells in the body by being able to absorb excess hydronium or hydroxide ions, Buffers are weak acids or weak bases to accomplish this
94
Why would it be inaccurate to say that a buffer is a solution that maintains a constant pH?
A buffer solution is one that maintains a relatively constant pH when H+ or OH- are added. However, the pH can change slightly. It remains relatively constant not completely constant
95
What are functional groups?
Relative clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone or organic molecules
96
Why are functional groups called relative?
Because of instability of...
a) polar nature of covalent bond
b) presences of multiple bonds (double and triple bonds)
97
What is hydroxyl?
OH (found in alcohols and sugars)
98
What is amino?
NH2 (found in proteins and bases)
99
What is sulfhydrl?
SH (found in rubber and protein)
100
What is phosphate?
PO4 (found in ATP, DNA and RNA)
101
What is carboxyl?
COOH (found in acids)
102
What is carbonyl?
Aldehyde (COH) found in sugars and formaldehyde
Also Ketone (CO) found in sugars and acetone
103
What is the primary purpose of the functional groups that are found in organic molecules?
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within organic molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of
104
How do functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attraction between molecules?
Helps to determine if a molecule is polar or non polar. This property determines the types of solvents and molecules that it is attracted to.
For ex, polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic compounds and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds
105
What role does oxygen play in most functional groups?
Determines polarity either loses or gains electrons to form bonds
106
What organelles have a plasma membrane?
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi body
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Lysosome
- Vacuole
107
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
- Protection
- Shape
- Support
- Transport in and out
108
Why do cells need a membrane?
- Cells need to separate the interior from the outside environment (let in food, sugars, proteins, let out waste, ammonia etc)
- Cell membrane is the boundary and is thick (8nm thick)
109
What does selectively permeable mean in terms of cell membranes?
Selective in the materials it lets in
110
What is the cell membrane made up of?
Phospolipid bilayer
- Non-polar fatty acid tails- hydrophobic (water hating)
- Polar phosphate group head-hydrophilic (water loving)
111
What proteins make up the cell membrane?
- Integral proteins: transmembrane proteins (within the membrane)
- Peripheral proteins: attached to the surface (attached to the side of the eye don't go through membrane)
112
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
- Structural support- anchor
- Recognition communication receptors (fight or flight responses)
- Enzymes (chemical reaction, materials broke and made)
- Transportation- channels (materials in and out)
113
What carbohydrates make up the membrane?
- Glycolipid: lipid with a carbohydrate chain attached help cell to recognize other cells of body (lipids helps you to recognize to lose weight)
- Glycoprotein: protein with carbohydrate chain attached helps in cell to cell communication and transport (protein help to transport your strength)
114
What cholesterol makes up the membrane?
- Cholesterol is embedded in phospholipid bilayer
- Helps keep fluidity of membrane consistent (keeps it together but maintains flexibility; like weak)
115
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
That membranes are not static (fluid), flexible polar and nonpolar nit attached but pushed together fat with fat because hate water and how they are made up of many components (mosaic)
116
Study the phospholipid bilayer diagram with all components
Look at notes
117
What can cross the membrane directly?
Fats and other lipids (cholesterol) is because it is nonpolar
118
How do substances cross?
- Protein channels "act as door"- become semi-permeable
- Allow certain substances in and out (insulin allows protein channels to open)
119
Why are proteins used for channels?
Within membrane:
- Hydrophobic
- Anchors protein into membrane
Outer surface of membrane:
- Hydrophilic (orientates towards where the water is)
- Extend into extracellular fluid and cytosol
Proteins are made up of amino acids in which they can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic
120
What are the two types of movement across a membrane...
Passive transport (osmosis, simple and facilitated diffusion)
Active transport
121
What is passive transport
- Move from high concentration to a low concentration if given opportunity its finds space (don't like being crowded)
- No energy (does it naturally)
122
What is simple diffusion?
- Movement of small substances directly across membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration
- No energy needed
- Needs space happens when there is not equal distribution, when equilibrium has been established then it stops
123
What is facilitated diffusion?
- Diffusion through protein channels (need help facilitated there is a pathway) from HIGH to LOW concentration
- No energy needed
124
What is an example of facilitated diffusion?
When we eat after a meal the sugar we need to fuel our cells go through protein channels from the use of insulin that is why you get a surge of energy
125
Similarities and differences between simple vs facilitated diffusion?
Similarities:
- Both go from high to low concentration
- Both aid in transportation of materials across a cell membrane
- Do not require energy (passive transport)
Differences:
- One requires a protein channel to transport materials while the other does not
126
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water from high to low concentration (across a semi-permeable membrane)
127
Which way will water flow (more to less water)
Movement of water from high to low
128
What does hypertonic mean?
More solute less water
129
What does hypotonic mean?
Less solute more water
130
What does isotonic mean?
Same amount of solute and water
131
What does a hypotonic solution do to a cell?
Water goes into more to less concentration in cell and causes lysis
132
What does hypertonic solution cause?
Causes the cell to shrivel since more water in cell and more solute in container so moves out of cell
133
Label osmosis diagram in notes
On notes
134
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules against concentration gradient (goes from low to high) and requires energy ATP to do so
135
What does active transport usually flow through?
Vesticles and vacuoles
136
What does endocytosis mean?
Moving in
137
What does exocytosis mean?
Moving out
138
What does phagocytosis mean?
Cellular eating
139
What does pinocytosis mean?
Cellular drinking
140
What is a structural isomer?
Molecule with the same molecular formula just different arrangement of atoms
141
What do differences in shape of isomers lead to?
Differences in their chemical and physical properties
142
What is an example of an isomer?
Glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula but different structures
143
What are the three structural isomers of glucose?
In dry state glucose has a linear structure, but when dissolved in water, molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures... alpha and beta glucose
alpha has one H up and OH down
beta has OH up and H down
Differ only in orientation of a single hydroxyl group (OH)
144
What is a polymer (chain) of alpha glucose?
Starch easily digestible
145
What is a polymer of beta glucose?
Cellulose (more difficult to digest because of the bonds go up and down b more complicated than a)
146
What does strucutre=function mean?
Isomers illustrate that structures of a molecule determine the function of that molecule ex. starch vs cellulose how starch is isomer of glucose the alpha and cellulose is isomer of beta but they are chains (polymers)
147
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules that often have complex structures
148
What are polymers?
Long chain like molecules composed of many smaller molecules (monomers) linked together (complex carbs)
149
What are monomers
Small molecules; when linked together monomers form polymers
150
What are the macromolecules of life?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
151
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 ratio CH2O basically carbon and water
152
What are monosaccharides?
basic building block (simple sugars)
153
What do monosaccharides have at least of?
2 hydroxyl groups and aldehyde or ketone group
154
What is the difference between simple and complex sugars?
Simple: easy to digest (simple monomers)
Complex: harder to digest (greater source of energy many monomers)
155
What is an example of a carbohydrate?
Glucose is an example of monosaccharide carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio, has at least 2 hydroxyl groups, an aldehyde or ketone group
156
What are oligosaccharides?
Sugars that contain a few simple sugar units linked together by covalent bonds
157
When are bonds formed for carbohydrates and what is it called?
Bonds form when hydroxyl groups on adjacent sugars react to produce a molecule or water and link sugars through a shared oxygen atom (water is being produced by a condensation reaction); named condensation through glycosidic linkage
158
What is sucrose?
Oligosaccharide made up of glucose and fructose
159
What type of carbs are used for quick energy?
Monosaccahrides and oligosaccharides
160
What type of carbs are used for long-term energy?
Polysaccharides- form when dozens, hundreds or thousands of simple sugar units are linked- used for energy storage (eg. starch) or structural components (eg cellulose) has bunch of glycosidic linkages take longer to digest long term (complex-polysaccharides)
161
What type of carbs are used for long-term energy?
Polysaccharides- form when dozens, hundreds or thousands of simple sugar units are linked- used for energy storage (eg. starch) or structural components (eg cellulose) has bunch of glycosidic linkages take longer to digest long term
162
Why are polysaccharides insoluble in water?
Too large to dissolve
163
What are lipids?
Class of greasy, oily or waxy compounds that are water insoluble
164
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy storage, insulation and structural components
165
What are the 2 major classes of lipids?
Those with fatty acids and those without
166
What are fatty acids?
Made up of a "backbone" of carbon atoms (up to 36) they end in a COOH group (carboxyl)
167
What are saturated fats?
Fatty acids that contain only single bonded carbons (solid, single bonded strong) solid at room temp
168
What are unsaturated fats?
Having one or more double-bonded carbons; liquid at room temp and is because they don't stack well bc chains kink bc of bonds
169
What are phospholipids?
Consist of phosphate head (hydrophilic) attached to 2 fatty acid "tails" (hydrophobic); one of main components of cell membranes
170
What are triglycerides?
Glycerol joined to 3 fatty acid "tails"
171
When do condensation reactions occur during lipid reactions?
Occur between hydroxyl groups on the glycerol (glycerine and alcohol) and the carboxyl group in the fatty acid
172
What are the bonds for lipid reactions called?
Ester linkages because form an ester
173
What are lipids without fatty acids?
Called sterols and an example is cholesterol
174
What is cholesterol?
Important structural component of cell membranes and functional groups
175
What are sterols?
Lack fatty acids, instead have 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
176
What are other examples of sterols?
Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone) as well as waxes many fruits are covered by a waterproof coating called cutting and bess produce a wax for their honeycombs
177
What are the polarity differences between carbs and lipids?
Carbs: polar and lipids are non-polar
- Polar carbs are very hydrophilic and dissolve in water if they are small enough
- Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water (these properties make lipids useful in cell membranes and as water proofing molecules)
178
Where do acidic properties come from in fats?
From the carboxylic properties
179
What are proteins?
Basic building blocks are amino acids
180
What are amino acids?
Composed of central carbon atoms linked to amino group, carboxyl group and a R-group (for example serine)
181
What do R groups make?
Make one amino acid different from another
182
What do series of amino acids link together to form?
A protein
183
What do structure and function dependant upon proteins?
Sequence of amino acids
184
How are amino acids joined together? What is the name of the bond?
Through condensation reactions between a carboxyl and an amino group (makes an amide) called peptide bond
185
What are functions of proteins?
- Structural components (muscles, tissues, collagen in skin)
- Transport of materials (channels in cell membranes)
- Carrier molecule (hemoglobin carries O2)
- Messenger molecule (hormones)
- Antigens (used in immune response)
- Enzymes (catalyze biochemical reactions)
186
What do structural proteins usually form?
Strand or sheets others have globular shape
187
What are globular proteins?
Four levels of structure, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
188
What is a primary protein structure?
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
189
What is secondary protein structure?
Caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids (helical or pleated shape)
190
What is a tertiary protein structure?
Result of further folding of polypeptide chain to cause interaction of R-groups (globule)
191
What is a quaternary protein structure?
Caused by interactions of 2 or more polypeptide globules
192
T or F; all other levels of a protein structure are a consequence or primary structure
T
193
T or F; structure and function of a protein are determined by sequence of amino acids
T
194
What do amino acids contain?
Carboxyl, amine group and R-group
195
What is the diff between a primary and secondary protein structure?
Primary protein structure is linear sequence or order of amino acids
Secondary protein structure is the result of hydrogen bonding between diff parts of the same amino acid backbone
196
What does protein need to function properly?
They need to fold into very specific three-dimensional shapes (tertiary) and may require the assembly of multiple polypeptides (quartenary)
197
Explain the role of hydrogen bonding and disulphide bonds between R-groups?
Maintain proper secondary and tertiary structure ie they are responsible for the shape of the polypeptide
198
List some of the diff types of proteins and their functions. Identify specific applications of these proteins in various living organisms
- Structural proteins provide framework support: spider web silk proteins and eggshells
- Defensive proteins fight off infection: antibodies
- Signal proteins are chemical messengers: hormones
199
What are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
200
What do nucleotides consist of?
5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous base
201
What do nucleic acids consist of?
Energy storage molecules (ATP, NADH, FADH)
202
What does DNA, RNA and mtDNA do?
Sequence of joined nucleotides encode genetic info
203
What is an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) polymer of nucleotides
204
What does DNA contain?
sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cystosine
205
What are purines?
Adenine and guanine have double ring structure
206
What are pyrimindes?
Cystosine and thymine have single-ring structure (like pyramid one single) have y's in name
207
What are the two strands of DNA held together by?
Hydrogen bonds
208
How is genetic info coded?
In sequence of nitrogenous bases (ie. ATGAC)
209
What is another example of a nucleic acid?
RNA
210
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides
211
What do RNA contain?
sugar ribose (extra O), phosphate group, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases; has adenine, guanine, cystosine and uracil; uracil is a pyrimidine (like thymine)
212
What is the function of RNA?
Protein synthesis
213
What 3 forms does RNA come in?
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
214
What makes nucleic acids diff from other molecules?
Their ability to self replicate allows genetic info to outlive cell itself
215
What are the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA?
Similarities: they are both polymers of nucleotides, have nitrogenous base and phosphate group
Differences: DNA had deoxyribose, RNA has ribose, DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil, DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
216
What is the role of the sugar and phosphate groups in the structure of nucleic acids?
Sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule
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What is the main purpose of RNA?
To make proteins
