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Biology-12 > Unit 1: Test > Flashcards

Unit 1: Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is random and normal variation?

A

Errors that can be caused by changes in the material used, or by changes in the condition under which the experiment is carried out

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2
Q

Convert the following to absolute uncertainties 3.5 cm +/- 10%

A

0.35

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3
Q

How can random and normal variation be minimized?

A

By carefully selecting materials and careful control of variables, averaging the results of multiple trials also helps to minimize it

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4
Q

Explain one mistake on lab…

A

Either systematic or random error

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5
Q

What is meant by half-life?

A

The amount of time it takes for a radioactive substance to decay

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6
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space
- composed of atoms

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7
Q

Convert the following to absolute uncertainties…
16 s +/- 8%

A

1.28

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8
Q

Calculate the following to percent uncertainties…

2.70+/- 0.05 cm

A

1.85%

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9
Q

What is human error?

A

Human errors occur when tools, instruments or protocols are used or read incorrectly

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10
Q

What is degrees of precisions of uncertainty in data

A

Students must choose an approximate instrument for measuring such things as length, volume, pH, snd light intensity

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11
Q

What are protons charge, location and mass in atomic units?

A

+, in nucleus and around 1.0 U

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12
Q

For a liquid which is more accurate…
A graduated cylinder, a pipette or a beaker?

A

Graduated cylinder or pipette is more suitable for measuring a liquid than a beaker

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13
Q

What are electron charge, location and mass in atomic units?

A

-, outside and 0.000540

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14
Q

What is the act of measuring?

A

When a measurement is taken, this can affect the environment of the experiment

Ex. cold thermometer is put into a test tube with a small volume of water, the water will be cooled by the presence of the thermometer, or when the behaviour of animals is being recorded, the presence of the experimenter may influence the animals behaviour

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15
Q

What are replicates and samples?

A

Biological systems are complex and highly variable, multiple samples and replicate observations are therefore necessary in most investigations

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16
Q

How many replicates should you do to make an experiment accurate?

A

The lower limit is 5 measurements, or a sample of five, the larger the sample the better

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17
Q

What are neutron charge, location and mass in atomic units

A

neutral, in nucleus and around 1.0 U

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18
Q

What happens as you add neutrons?

A

Becomes less stable

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19
Q

Do electrons orbit around a nucleus?

A

No, they are found within a discrete volume of space called an orbital

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20
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Has same number of protons (atomic #), but different number of neutrons (atomic mass)

All isotopes of carbon have same chemical properties, just different masses

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21
Q

What is an atomic number

A

The amount of protons and electrons

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22
Q

What is atomic mass

A

The number of protons and neutrons

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23
Q

What is the degree of precision?

A

It is plus or minus half of the smallest division on the instrument (for each point of uncertainty)

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24
Q

What are radioactive emissions?

A
  • alpha particles
  • beta particles
  • gamma rays
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25
Q

Convert the following to percent uncertainties…

12.02 +/- 0.08 cm

A

0.67%

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26
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

They have an unstable nucleus and emit subatomic particles or energy as they decay into more stable atoms

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27
Q

Types of human error…

A

Human error is both systematic and random

Systematic: because the experimenter does not know how to use the apparatus properly (lab equipment)

Random: because the power of concentration of experiment is fading (covid test analyze late night)

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28
Q

What are intramolecular bonds?

A

Bonds within a molecule

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29
Q

What are systematic error and how can they be reduced?

A

They can be reduced if equipment is regularly checked or calibrates to ensure it is functioning correctly

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30
Q

What are alpha particles?

A
  • a helium nucleus
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31
Q

What can stop beta particles?

A

Can be stopped by a sheet of lead

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32
Q

What are the positive and negatives or radioisotopes in medicine?

A

+:
- Can track brain activity, bone activity if using the right molecules to latch on to radioisotopes, tumours with high-energy radioisotopes

-:
- Can damage healthy cells

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33
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A
  • Ionic bonds occurs when there is a transfer of one of more electrons from one atom to another (when they lose or gain electrons to forma stable octet)
  • The transfer leads to formation of a cation and an anion
  • Resulting electrostatic attraction between these two oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bonds

Ex. NaCl

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34
Q

What are three types of intramolecular bonds?

A
  • Covalent
  • Polar covalent
  • Ionic
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35
Q

How do radioisotopes help with scientific research?

A
  • Geological and biological research because they study the steady rate of decay
  • Provides info about age or organic materials, rock and fossils
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36
Q

What are some uses of radioisotopes?

A
  • Trace movement of carbon through biological pathways like respiration and photosynthesis
  • Measure rate of bone formation
  • Used to date fossils
  • Taken up by thyroid gland can be imaged to detect abnormalities
  • Emits radiation that can destroy living cells used to treat cancer tumours
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37
Q

What type of radioisotopes are preferred in medicine?

A
  • Short half-like times are preferred as longer exposure can be harmful to cells
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38
Q

What can stop alpha particles?

A

A sheet of paper

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39
Q

What are beta particles?

A
  • High speed electrons
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40
Q

If a molecule contains polar bonds, does it make it polar molecule?

A

NO!

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41
Q

How are radioisotopes used in medicine?

A
  • Inject radioactive material into patient and track its movement in the body (see how brain works and bones)
  • Energy emitted from a radioactive decay can be directed to a tumour
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42
Q

The type of bond that forms is determined by difference in electronegative of the two atoms involved

A

If there is essentially no difference (<0.5) then the bond is covalent

If there is a difference between 0.5 and 1.7, the bond is polar covalent

If the difference is equal to or greater than 1.7, the bond is ionic

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43
Q

Should you add therefore statements to all half-life questions?

A

YES!

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44
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

Has a slight positive charge on one side and slightly negative charge on other (unequal distribution) of charge

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45
Q

How does one determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar?

A
  1. Draw a Lewis Diagram for each
  2. Determine structural formula of molecule
  3. Does molecule have a positive end and a negative end?
  4. Look at symmetry
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46
Q

What are London Forces?

A
  • Causes bonds that are formed due to temporary unequal distribution of electrons in atom
  • Very weak, occur between NONPOLAR molecules
  • Cumulative effect of London Forces becomes more significant in large non polar molecules
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47
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Ability to pull on electrons

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48
Q

What is the VSEPR theory?

A

Electrons push each other away forming different molecular shapes

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49
Q

Which are stronger intramolecular or intermolecular forces>

A

Intramolecular

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50
Q

What are tracers?

A

They are a radioisotope placed in the body on a BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE molecule (glucose, water, ammonia), they give off gamma rays as they decay and are easily detectable (biologically active goes to certain areas and picks up gamma rays shows on images)

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51
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons within a molecule
For example, in water polar bonds are formed because O has a greater attraction for shared electrons (electronegativity) than H

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52
Q

In what ways do hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces between molecules?

A

By lining up partially positive charged hydrogen atoms with negative charged atoms or diff molecules

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53
Q

What are dipole-dipole forces?

A
  • Occurs between polar molecules like HCl
  • The slightly positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to slightly negative end of another polar molecule
  • Stronger than London forces
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54
Q

What are intermolecular bonds?

A

Bonds between compounds (holds two or more molecules together, forces of attraction)

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55
Q

What is dehydration and hydrolysis?

A

Dehydration: removal of OH and H from 2 reactant molecules, which allows the reactant molecules to form a bond, as well as creating water

Hydrolysis: breaking of a bond between subunits with the addition of water in the form of OH and H to the subunits

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56
Q

How can gamma rays be stopped?

A

By a brick of lead

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57
Q

Are polar molecules good solvents?

A

Yes, because they can disrupt ionic bonds with the slightly negative and positive ends

  • When salt and water are mixed, the negative end of water molecules are attracted to the Na+, while the positive end of water are attracted to Cl-
  • Water molecules from “spheres of hydration” around ions causing the salt to dissolve
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58
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A
  • Not strong enough to take electrons so they share it between atoms to achieve a stable octet
    Ex. two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of hydrogen gas (equal sharing of electrons so bond is pure covalent)
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59
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A
  • Very strong dipole-dipole
  • Form between electropositive H of one polar molecule and an electronegative N, O, or F of another
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60
Q

What are types of intermolecular forces?

A
  • London forces
  • Dipole-dipole forces
  • Hydrogen bonds
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61
Q

What is reduction and oxidation?

A

Redox reactions

Reduction: gains electrons (becomes more negative)

Oxidation: loses electrons

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62
Q

How does hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of water?

A

Hydrogen bonds give water a high heat capacity, high boiling/freezing points, high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion

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63
Q

What are intermolecular bonds known as

A

Van der Waals forces

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64
Q

What are similarities and different between intramolecular and intermolecular

A

Intramolecular:
- Bonds within molecules
- Strong attraction between atoms
- Stronger than intermolecular
- Commonly called “bonds”
- Determines if electrons are transferred or shared

Intermolecular:
- Bonds within two or more molecules
- Weak attraction between molecules
- Direct implication on state
- Known as “Van der Waals” forces

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65
Q

How does the structure of water account for its properties, such as its boiling point, surface tension and adhesion

A

Watters lattice structure is stable which leads to a high specific heat of water. High specific heat gives water a high boiling point. Water has the ability to form H-bonds with other polar molecules, which gives water its adhesion properties

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66
Q

How does polarity influence waters role as a solvent?

A
  • Polar molecules can surround polar biological molecules or ions, thus dissolving them
  • Water is poor as dissolving non polar molecules
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67
Q

What are gamma rays?

A
  • Energetic electromagnetic radiation
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68
Q

What is the number of electrons equal to?

A

number of protons

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69
Q

Electronegativity of Al and S is 1.5 and 2.5. What type of bond will form within Al2S3?

A

Polar covalent

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70
Q

How many decimal points would the uncertainty value be for a scale that reads 0.003 have?

A

4

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71
Q

What is true about hydrogen bonds?

a. Stronger than ionic bonds
b. Stronger than covalent bonds
c. Stronger than both ionic and covalent bonds
d. Weaker than both ionic and covalent bonds
e. Are a type of intramolecular bond

A

Weaker than both ionic and covalent bonds

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72
Q

Go over uncertainty pics on quiz

A

On 1st quiz

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73
Q

The following are examples of human error:

a. Fatigue
b. Not reading the lab manual before a lab
c. Knowingly using the wrong measuring device
d. Using biologically varied samples

A

Fatigue

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74
Q

Intermolecular forces on non polar molecules is likely:

A

London forces

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75
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between intermolecular and intramolecular bonds

A

Similarities: bonds between elements and molecules

Differences:

Intra:
- Within a molecule
- Known as bonds
- Stronger

Inter:
- Forces between many molecules
- Known as “Van Der Waals” forces
- Weaker

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76
Q

Name a specific radioisotope (include atomic mass) and describe its use

A

Iodine-131, and it is used with a biologically active material in which when it tries to decay down to its more stable state releases gamma rays in which it is detectable on a photographic device to see abnormalities in the thyroid

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77
Q

Calculate how long it takes of 500 g of Carbon 14 to decay into 32.5g if Carbons half life is 5740 years

A

22,635 years

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78
Q

Complete the following:

Bonds:
- C-O
- H-H
- Na-F

What are their differences in EN?
What is the type of bond?

A
  1. 0.89; polar covalent
  2. 0; covalent
  3. 3.05; ionic
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79
Q

In an ionic bond, the electrons are…

A

Lost by one atom

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80
Q

What is auto ionization?

A

When two water molecules collide with each other to produce OH (hydroxide) ion and H30+ (hydronium) ion
- Can remember by it automatically ionizes (positive and negative ions)

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81
Q

What determines ph?

A

Acidity of a solution can be described in terms of its hydronium ion concentration (H30+) (if there are more hydronium becomes acidic less basic)

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82
Q

What happens when H30+ increases?

A

pH decreases (because of negative logarithmic scale, the negative in the formula)
- Ten times increase in (H30+) only causes decrease of one pH unit

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83
Q

What do acids do when dissolved in water?

A

Increase (H30+) when dissolved in water

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84
Q

What is a great strong acid?

A

Hydrochloric acid because it ionizes completely when dissolved in water (hydronium)

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85
Q

What is a weak acid?

A

Acetic acid (vinegar) only partially ionizes in water

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86
Q

What do bases do when they are dissolved in water?

A

Substances that increase OH-

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87
Q

What is a strong base?

A

Sodium hydroxide

88
Q

What is a weak base?

A

Ammonia only partially ionizes in water

89
Q

What is the point of an acid and base buffer?

A

Buffers are substances that resist changes in pH

90
Q

What do buffers consist of?

A

Consist of conjugate acid-base pairs in equilibrium. In humans the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer is important!!!!

91
Q

What does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer important?

A

H20+CO2-)(- H2CO3-)(- HCO3- +H+

92
Q

How do acids and bases differ in terms of how they behave when added to pure water?

A

Acids cause the production of hydronium ions, increasing H+ concentration and lowering the pH, bases cause the production of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, increasing OH- concentration and raising the pH

93
Q

How do buffers in your cells help to keep your body functioning properly?

A

Buffers help to maintain proper pH levels in diff cells in the body by being able to absorb excess hydronium or hydroxide ions, Buffers are weak acids or weak bases to accomplish this

94
Q

Why would it be inaccurate to say that a buffer is a solution that maintains a constant pH?

A

A buffer solution is one that maintains a relatively constant pH when H+ or OH- are added. However, the pH can change slightly. It remains relatively constant not completely constant

95
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Relative clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone or organic molecules

96
Q

Why are functional groups called relative?

A

Because of instability of…
a) polar nature of covalent bond
b) presences of multiple bonds (double and triple bonds)

97
Q

What is hydroxyl?

A

OH (found in alcohols and sugars)

98
Q

What is amino?

A

NH2 (found in proteins and bases)

99
Q

What is sulfhydrl?

A

SH (found in rubber and protein)

100
Q

What is phosphate?

A

PO4 (found in ATP, DNA and RNA)

101
Q

What is carboxyl?

A

COOH (found in acids)

102
Q

What is carbonyl?

A

Aldehyde (COH) found in sugars and formaldehyde

Also Ketone (CO) found in sugars and acetone

103
Q

What is the primary purpose of the functional groups that are found in organic molecules?

A

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within organic molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of

104
Q

How do functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attraction between molecules?

A

Helps to determine if a molecule is polar or non polar. This property determines the types of solvents and molecules that it is attracted to.
For ex, polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic compounds and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds

105
Q

What role does oxygen play in most functional groups?

A

Determines polarity either loses or gains electrons to form bonds

106
Q

What organelles have a plasma membrane?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi body
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Lysosome
  • Vacuole
107
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Protection
  • Shape
  • Support
  • Transport in and out
108
Q

Why do cells need a membrane?

A
  • Cells need to separate the interior from the outside environment (let in food, sugars, proteins, let out waste, ammonia etc)
  • Cell membrane is the boundary and is thick (8nm thick)
109
Q

What does selectively permeable mean in terms of cell membranes?

A

Selective in the materials it lets in

110
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospolipid bilayer
- Non-polar fatty acid tails- hydrophobic (water hating)
- Polar phosphate group head-hydrophilic (water loving)

111
Q

What proteins make up the cell membrane?

A
  • Integral proteins: transmembrane proteins (within the membrane)
  • Peripheral proteins: attached to the surface (attached to the side of the eye don’t go through membrane)
112
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A
  • Structural support- anchor
  • Recognition communication receptors (fight or flight responses)
  • Enzymes (chemical reaction, materials broke and made)
  • Transportation- channels (materials in and out)
113
Q

What carbohydrates make up the membrane?

A
  • Glycolipid: lipid with a carbohydrate chain attached help cell to recognize other cells of body (lipids helps you to recognize to lose weight)
  • Glycoprotein: protein with carbohydrate chain attached helps in cell to cell communication and transport (protein help to transport your strength)
114
Q

What cholesterol makes up the membrane?

A
  • Cholesterol is embedded in phospholipid bilayer
  • Helps keep fluidity of membrane consistent (keeps it together but maintains flexibility; like weak)
115
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

That membranes are not static (fluid), flexible polar and nonpolar nit attached but pushed together fat with fat because hate water and how they are made up of many components (mosaic)

116
Q

Study the phospholipid bilayer diagram with all components

A

Look at notes

117
Q

What can cross the membrane directly?

A

Fats and other lipids (cholesterol) is because it is nonpolar

118
Q

How do substances cross?

A
  • Protein channels “act as door”- become semi-permeable
  • Allow certain substances in and out (insulin allows protein channels to open)
119
Q

Why are proteins used for channels?

A

Within membrane:
- Hydrophobic
- Anchors protein into membrane

Outer surface of membrane:
- Hydrophilic (orientates towards where the water is)
- Extend into extracellular fluid and cytosol

Proteins are made up of amino acids in which they can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic

120
Q

What are the two types of movement across a membrane…

A

Passive transport (osmosis, simple and facilitated diffusion)

Active transport

121
Q

What is passive transport

A
  • Move from high concentration to a low concentration if given opportunity its finds space (don’t like being crowded)
  • No energy (does it naturally)
122
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
  • Movement of small substances directly across membrane from HIGH to LOW concentration
  • No energy needed
  • Needs space happens when there is not equal distribution, when equilibrium has been established then it stops
123
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion through protein channels (need help facilitated there is a pathway) from HIGH to LOW concentration
  • No energy needed
124
Q

What is an example of facilitated diffusion?

A

When we eat after a meal the sugar we need to fuel our cells go through protein channels from the use of insulin that is why you get a surge of energy

125
Q

Similarities and differences between simple vs facilitated diffusion?

A

Similarities:
- Both go from high to low concentration
- Both aid in transportation of materials across a cell membrane
- Do not require energy (passive transport)

Differences:
- One requires a protein channel to transport materials while the other does not

126
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water from high to low concentration (across a semi-permeable membrane)

127
Q

Which way will water flow (more to less water)

A

Movement of water from high to low

128
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

More solute less water

129
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Less solute more water

130
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Same amount of solute and water

131
Q

What does a hypotonic solution do to a cell?

A

Water goes into more to less concentration in cell and causes lysis

132
Q

What does hypertonic solution cause?

A

Causes the cell to shrivel since more water in cell and more solute in container so moves out of cell

133
Q

Label osmosis diagram in notes

A

On notes

134
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules against concentration gradient (goes from low to high) and requires energy ATP to do so

135
Q

What does active transport usually flow through?

A

Vesticles and vacuoles

136
Q

What does endocytosis mean?

A

Moving in

137
Q

What does exocytosis mean?

A

Moving out

138
Q

What does phagocytosis mean?

A

Cellular eating

139
Q

What does pinocytosis mean?

A

Cellular drinking

140
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula just different arrangement of atoms

141
Q

What do differences in shape of isomers lead to?

A

Differences in their chemical and physical properties

142
Q

What is an example of an isomer?

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose have the same molecular formula but different structures

143
Q

What are the three structural isomers of glucose?

A

In dry state glucose has a linear structure, but when dissolved in water, molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures… alpha and beta glucose

alpha has one H up and OH down

beta has OH up and H down

Differ only in orientation of a single hydroxyl group (OH)

144
Q

What is a polymer (chain) of alpha glucose?

A

Starch easily digestible

145
Q

What is a polymer of beta glucose?

A

Cellulose (more difficult to digest because of the bonds go up and down b more complicated than a)

146
Q

What does strucutre=function mean?

A

Isomers illustrate that structures of a molecule determine the function of that molecule ex. starch vs cellulose how starch is isomer of glucose the alpha and cellulose is isomer of beta but they are chains (polymers)

147
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large molecules that often have complex structures

148
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chain like molecules composed of many smaller molecules (monomers) linked together (complex carbs)

149
Q

What are monomers

A

Small molecules; when linked together monomers form polymers

150
Q

What are the macromolecules of life?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
151
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 ratio CH2O basically carbon and water

152
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

basic building block (simple sugars)

153
Q

What do monosaccharides have at least of?

A

2 hydroxyl groups and aldehyde or ketone group

154
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex sugars?

A

Simple: easy to digest (simple monomers)
Complex: harder to digest (greater source of energy many monomers)

155
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrate?

A

Glucose is an example of monosaccharide carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio, has at least 2 hydroxyl groups, an aldehyde or ketone group

156
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Sugars that contain a few simple sugar units linked together by covalent bonds

157
Q

When are bonds formed for carbohydrates and what is it called?

A

Bonds form when hydroxyl groups on adjacent sugars react to produce a molecule or water and link sugars through a shared oxygen atom (water is being produced by a condensation reaction); named condensation through glycosidic linkage

158
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Oligosaccharide made up of glucose and fructose

159
Q

What type of carbs are used for quick energy?

A

Monosaccahrides and oligosaccharides

160
Q

What type of carbs are used for long-term energy?

A

Polysaccharides- form when dozens, hundreds or thousands of simple sugar units are linked- used for energy storage (eg. starch) or structural components (eg cellulose) has bunch of glycosidic linkages take longer to digest long term (complex-polysaccharides)

161
Q

What type of carbs are used for long-term energy?

A

Polysaccharides- form when dozens, hundreds or thousands of simple sugar units are linked- used for energy storage (eg. starch) or structural components (eg cellulose) has bunch of glycosidic linkages take longer to digest long term

162
Q

Why are polysaccharides insoluble in water?

A

Too large to dissolve

163
Q

What are lipids?

A

Class of greasy, oily or waxy compounds that are water insoluble

164
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage, insulation and structural components

165
Q

What are the 2 major classes of lipids?

A

Those with fatty acids and those without

166
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Made up of a “backbone” of carbon atoms (up to 36) they end in a COOH group (carboxyl)

167
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Fatty acids that contain only single bonded carbons (solid, single bonded strong) solid at room temp

168
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Having one or more double-bonded carbons; liquid at room temp and is because they don’t stack well bc chains kink bc of bonds

169
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Consist of phosphate head (hydrophilic) attached to 2 fatty acid “tails” (hydrophobic); one of main components of cell membranes

170
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Glycerol joined to 3 fatty acid “tails”

171
Q

When do condensation reactions occur during lipid reactions?

A

Occur between hydroxyl groups on the glycerol (glycerine and alcohol) and the carboxyl group in the fatty acid

172
Q

What are the bonds for lipid reactions called?

A

Ester linkages because form an ester

173
Q

What are lipids without fatty acids?

A

Called sterols and an example is cholesterol

174
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Important structural component of cell membranes and functional groups

175
Q

What are sterols?

A

Lack fatty acids, instead have 4 fused hydrocarbon rings

176
Q

What are other examples of sterols?

A

Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone) as well as waxes many fruits are covered by a waterproof coating called cutting and bess produce a wax for their honeycombs

177
Q

What are the polarity differences between carbs and lipids?

A

Carbs: polar and lipids are non-polar
- Polar carbs are very hydrophilic and dissolve in water if they are small enough
- Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water (these properties make lipids useful in cell membranes and as water proofing molecules)

178
Q

Where do acidic properties come from in fats?

A

From the carboxylic properties

179
Q

What are proteins?

A

Basic building blocks are amino acids

180
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Composed of central carbon atoms linked to amino group, carboxyl group and a R-group (for example serine)

181
Q

What do R groups make?

A

Make one amino acid different from another

182
Q

What do series of amino acids link together to form?

A

A protein

183
Q

What do structure and function dependant upon proteins?

A

Sequence of amino acids

184
Q

How are amino acids joined together? What is the name of the bond?

A

Through condensation reactions between a carboxyl and an amino group (makes an amide) called peptide bond

185
Q

What are functions of proteins?

A
  • Structural components (muscles, tissues, collagen in skin)
  • Transport of materials (channels in cell membranes)
  • Carrier molecule (hemoglobin carries O2)
  • Messenger molecule (hormones)
  • Antigens (used in immune response)
  • Enzymes (catalyze biochemical reactions)
186
Q

What do structural proteins usually form?

A

Strand or sheets others have globular shape

187
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Four levels of structure, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

188
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

189
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

Caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids (helical or pleated shape)

190
Q

What is a tertiary protein structure?

A

Result of further folding of polypeptide chain to cause interaction of R-groups (globule)

191
Q

What is a quaternary protein structure?

A

Caused by interactions of 2 or more polypeptide globules

192
Q

T or F; all other levels of a protein structure are a consequence or primary structure

A

T

193
Q

T or F; structure and function of a protein are determined by sequence of amino acids

A

T

194
Q

What do amino acids contain?

A

Carboxyl, amine group and R-group

195
Q

What is the diff between a primary and secondary protein structure?

A

Primary protein structure is linear sequence or order of amino acids

Secondary protein structure is the result of hydrogen bonding between diff parts of the same amino acid backbone

196
Q

What does protein need to function properly?

A

They need to fold into very specific three-dimensional shapes (tertiary) and may require the assembly of multiple polypeptides (quartenary)

197
Q

Explain the role of hydrogen bonding and disulphide bonds between R-groups?

A

Maintain proper secondary and tertiary structure ie they are responsible for the shape of the polypeptide

198
Q

List some of the diff types of proteins and their functions. Identify specific applications of these proteins in various living organisms

A
  • Structural proteins provide framework support: spider web silk proteins and eggshells
  • Defensive proteins fight off infection: antibodies
  • Signal proteins are chemical messengers: hormones
199
Q

What are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

200
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and nitrogenous base

201
Q

What do nucleic acids consist of?

A

Energy storage molecules (ATP, NADH, FADH)

202
Q

What does DNA, RNA and mtDNA do?

A

Sequence of joined nucleotides encode genetic info

203
Q

What is an example of a nucleic acid?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) polymer of nucleotides

204
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cystosine

205
Q

What are purines?

A

Adenine and guanine have double ring structure

206
Q

What are pyrimindes?

A

Cystosine and thymine have single-ring structure (like pyramid one single) have y’s in name

207
Q

What are the two strands of DNA held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

208
Q

How is genetic info coded?

A

In sequence of nitrogenous bases (ie. ATGAC)

209
Q

What is another example of a nucleic acid?

A

RNA

210
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides

211
Q

What do RNA contain?

A

sugar ribose (extra O), phosphate group, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases; has adenine, guanine, cystosine and uracil; uracil is a pyrimidine (like thymine)

212
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Protein synthesis

213
Q

What 3 forms does RNA come in?

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
214
Q

What makes nucleic acids diff from other molecules?

A

Their ability to self replicate allows genetic info to outlive cell itself

215
Q

What are the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA?

A

Similarities: they are both polymers of nucleotides, have nitrogenous base and phosphate group

Differences: DNA had deoxyribose, RNA has ribose, DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil, DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded

216
Q

What is the role of the sugar and phosphate groups in the structure of nucleic acids?

A

Sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule

217
Q

What is the main purpose of RNA?

A

To make proteins

Biology-12 (8 decks)

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