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Introduction to Networking > Unit 2 : Protocols and Models > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Protocols and Models Flashcards

1
Q

What can network vary of ? ( 2 )

A
  1. Size
  2. Complexity
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2
Q

List out the 3 elements to any communication

A
  1. there will be a source ( sender )
  2. There will be a destination ( receiver )
  3. There will be a channel ( media ) that provides for a path of communications to occur
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3
Q

What communications are governed by ?

A
  1. Protocols
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4
Q

What is protocol?

A
  1. Rules that communications will follow
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5
Q

List out the requirements for protocols ( 4 )

A
  1. An identified sender and receiver
  2. Common language and grammar
  3. Speed and timing of delivery
  4. Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements
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6
Q

List out the common computer protocols must be in agreement and include ( 5 )

A
  1. Message encoding
  2. Message formatting and encapsulation
  3. Message size ( important )
  4. Message timing
  5. Message delivery options
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7
Q

What is encoding?

A
  1. The process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission
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8
Q

What is decoding?

A
  1. Reverses encoding to interpret the information
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9
Q

What will the messages will be encoded to?

A
  1. Converted to bits
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10
Q

What does the destination host must do to interpret the message?

A
  1. Decode
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11
Q

What will the bits are converted into ?

A
  1. Light ( Glass, Fiber )
  2. Sound
  3. Electrical Impulses ( Copper Cable )
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12
Q

What will the file be converted when a long message is sent from one host to another over a network?

A
  1. Break the message into smaller pieces
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13
Q

What does message timing includes? ( 3 )

A
  1. Flow Control
  2. Response Timeout
  3. Access Method
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14
Q

What does flow control manages ?

A
  1. Manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delievered
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15
Q

What does response timeout manages?

A
  1. Manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination
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16
Q

What does access method mean?

A
  1. Determints when someone can send a message
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17
Q

Why collisions occured?

A
  1. It occured when more than one device sends trafic at the same time and the messages become corrupt
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18
Q

List out 3 message delivery methods

A
  1. Unicast - one to one communication
  2. Multicast - one to many, typically not all
  3. Broadcast - one to all
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19
Q

What devices can network protocal implemented on? ( 3 )

A
  1. Software
  2. Hardware
  3. Both
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20
Q

What does protocols have? ( 3 )

A
  1. Function
  2. Format
  3. Rule
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21
Q

List out all the protocol type ( 4 )

A
  1. Network Communications ( IP Address )
  2. Network Security
  3. Routing
  4. Service Discovery
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22
Q

What does network communications do?

A
  1. Enable 2 or more devices to communcate over one or more networks
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23
Q

What does network security do ?

A
  1. Secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption
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24
Q

What does routing do?

A
  1. Enable routers to exchange route information, compare path infomation and select bast path
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25
Q

What does service discovery do?

A
  1. Used for the automatic detection of devices or services
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26
Q

What must device agree to communicate

A
  1. Protocols
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27
Q

List out all the function for protocols? ( 6 )

A
  1. Addressing
  2. Reliability
  3. Flow Control
  4. Sequencing
  5. Error Detection
  6. Application Interface
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28
Q

What identifies sender and receiver ?

A
  1. Addressing
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29
Q

What provides guaranteed delivery ?

A
  1. Reliability
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30
Q

What ensures data flows at an efficient rate?

A
  1. Flow Control
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31
Q

What uniquely labels each transitted segment of data?

A

Sequencing

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32
Q

What determines if data became corruption during transmission?

A
  1. Error Detection
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33
Q

What process-to-process communications between network applications?

A
  1. Application Interface
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34
Q

List out all the protocols when sending message?

A
  1. HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol )
  2. Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP )
  3. Internet Protocol ( IP )
  4. Ethernet
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35
Q

What protocols need when we need for sending / receiving email?

A
  1. SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) / POP3 ( Post Office Protocol 3 )
36
Q

What network protocol check errors and delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet LAN?

A
  1. Ethernet
37
Q

What delivers messages globally from the sender to receiver?

A
  1. Internet Protocol ( IP )
38
Q

What manages flow control, individual conversations and provided guaranteed delivery?

A
  1. Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP )
39
Q

What governs the way a web server and a web client interact and defines content and format?

A
  1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP )
40
Q

What is protocol suite?

A
  1. A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function
  2. Sets of rules that work together to help solve a problem
41
Q

How protocols are viewed ?

A
  1. Layers
42
Q

List out the layers for protocols

A
  1. Higher Layers
  2. Lower Layers - Concerned with moving data and provide servies to upper layers
43
Q

List out several protocol suites ( 4 )

A
  1. Internet Protocol Suite or TCP / IP
  2. Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI )
  3. AppleTalk
  4. Novell NetWare
44
Q

Where does TCP/IP operate at ?

A
  1. Operate at application, transport and internet layers
45
Q

What is the most common network access layer LAN protocols ? ( 2 )

A
  1. Ethernet
  2. WLAN
46
Q

What is the most commonly used protocols?

A
  1. TCP/IP
47
Q

Who creates and organizes TCP/IP?

A
  1. IETF
48
Q

What is segments?

A
  1. Is the actions deviding large chunks of data into smaller piece
49
Q

What does open standards encourage?

A
  1. Interoperability
  2. Competition
  3. Innovation
50
Q

List out all the internet standards organizations ( 5 )

A
  1. Internet Society ( ISOC )
  2. Internet Architecture Board ( IAB )
  3. Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF )
  4. Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF )
51
Q

List out all the electronic and communications standards organizations

A
  1. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE )
  2. Electronic Industries Alliance ( EIA )
  3. Telecommunications Industry Association ( TIA )
  4. International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Stadardization Sector ( ITU-T )
52
Q

List out 2 layered models describe network operations

A
  1. Open System Interconnection ( OSI ) Reference Model
  2. TCP/IP Reference Model
53
Q

Why was a layered model is used?

A
  1. Complex concepts ( how network operates ) can be difficult to explain and understand
54
Q

What does HTTP, DNS, DHCP, FTP is referenced in OSI and TCP/IP Model

A

OSI :
1. Application
2. Presentation
3. Session
TCP/IP :
1. Application

55
Q

What does TCP and UDP is references in OSI and TCP/IP model?

A

OSI & TCP/IP :
1. Transport

56
Q

What does IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, ICMPv6 is referenced in OSI and TCP/IP model?

A

OSI & TCP/IP :
1. Network

57
Q

Why does TCP/IP model combine Presentation and Section layer to Application layer

A
  1. Because applications layer have already done presentation and session in it
58
Q

What does Ethernet, WLAN, SONET & SDH is referenced in OSI and TCP/IP model?

A

OSI :
1. Data Link
2. Physical
TCP/IP :
1. Network Access

59
Q

List out all the layer in OSI model ( 7 )

A
  1. Application
  2. Presentation
  3. Session
  4. Transport
  5. Network
  6. Data Link
  7. Physical
60
Q

List out all the layers in TCP/IP model? ( 4 )

A
  1. Application
  2. Transport
  3. Internet
  4. Network Access
61
Q

What are the benefits of using a layered model? ( 4 )

A
  1. Assist in protocol design ( protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon defined interface to the layers above and below )
  2. Foster competition ( Product from different vendors can work together )
  3. Prevent technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below
  4. Provide a common language to describe networking functions and capablilities
62
Q

What does Application layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Contains protocols used for precess-to-process communications ( process-to-process communications )
63
Q

What does Presentation layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Provides common representation of the data transferred between application layer services ( representation of the data )
64
Q

What does Session layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange ( manage data exchange )
65
Q

What does Transport layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Defines services to segmant, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications ( segmant, transfer, and reassemble data )
66
Q

What does Network layer do in OSI model ?

A

Provided services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network ( Exchange the individual pieces of data over the network )

67
Q

What does Data Link layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Describes methods for exchanging data frames over a common media ( Exchanging data frames over a common media )
68
Q

What does Physical layer do in OSI model ?

A
  1. Describes the means to activate maintain, and de-activate physical connections ( physical connections )
69
Q

What does Application layer do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control ( Represents data )
70
Q

What does Transport do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks ( Communication between various devices )
71
Q

What does Internet layer do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Determinres the best path through the network ( best path through the network )
72
Q

What does Network Access layer do in TCP/IP model ?

A
  1. Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network ( hardware devices and media )
73
Q

What layer does OSI devides of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers? ( 2 )

A
  1. Application
  2. Network
74
Q

Which protocol does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium

A
  1. TCP/IP protocol
75
Q

What is segmenting?

A
  1. The process of breaking up messages into smaller units
76
Q

What is multiplexing?

A
  1. Is the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together
77
Q

List out 2 of the benefits in segmenting

A
  1. Increases Speed
    • Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without typing up a communications link
  2. Increases Efficiency
    • Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be retransmitted, not the entire data stream
78
Q

Which segments need to be retransmitted?

A
  1. Segments which fail to reach
79
Q

What is responsible for sequencing the individual segments?

A
  1. TCP
80
Q

What is the process called for numbering the sequences?

A
  1. Sequencing Messages
81
Q

What is encapsulation?

A
  1. The process where protocols add their information to the data
82
Q

What is the full name for PDU

A
  1. Protocol Data Units
83
Q

Why PDU have a different name?

A
  1. To reflect its new functions
84
Q

List out all the PDU ( Passing down ) ( 5 )

A
  1. Data ( Data Stream )
  2. Segment
  3. Packet
  4. Frame
  5. Bits ( Bit Stream )
  • De-encapsulated Steps :
    5. Data ( Data Stream )
    4. Segment
    3. Packet
    2. Frame
    1. Bits ( Bit Stream )
85
Q

Until data access

A

Introduction to Networking (5 decks)

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