Unit 2 prelim Flashcards
Aspects of fieldwork that can present a hazard.
adverse weather, difficult terrain, problems from isolation, harmful organisms.
Hazard.
Anything that could cause harm.
Risk.
The likelihood of harm arising from a hazard.
Risk assessment.
Identifying control measures to minimise risk.
Risk control measures.
Appropriate equiptment, appropriate clothing, appropriate footwear and means of communication.
Rules for sampling wild organisms.
Must minimise impact on wild species, must minimise impact on habitat, cosideration to rar/vunerable species and be aware of species and habitats protected by law.
Special care.
Must be given to rare and vunerable species.
Sampling technique.
Must appropriate for species being sampled.
Sampling techniques.
Point count, quadrats, transects and remote detection.
Point count.
Observer records all individuals seen from a fixed location
Quadrats.
Sampling technique using a frame. Good for sampling plants and slow moving or sessile animals.
Transects.
Sampling technique where the number of organisms is counted at regular intervals along a marked line.
Traps and nets.
Capture techniques for mobile species.
Methods for sampling elusive species.
Camera traps OR Various indirect methods such as scat samping, footprint analysis, teeth mark on food remains etc.
Methods used to identify a sampled organism.
Classification guides OR Biological keys OR Analysis of DNA/replication.
Two different methods of classifying organisms.
Taxonomy or phylogenetics.
Taxonomy
Identification and naming organisms and classifying them into groups.
Phylogenetics
Using DNA sequencing, protein structure and morphology to reveal and organism’s history.
A phylogeny
A diagram showing evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Indicator species
An organism whose presence, absence or abundance gives information about an environmental quality such as the presence of a pollutant.
How susceptible and favoured species can be used to monitor an ecosystem.
Absence or reduced population shows that the species is susceptible to some factor in the environment. Abundance or increased population shows it is favoured by conditions.
Mark and recapture.
A technique where a sample of a population is capture and marked (M) the released. LAter, a new sample is captured (C). The number of marked individuals is counted (R). A calculation allows the population size to be estimated.
N= MC/R
The formula for estimating the population from mark and recapture.
N
The symbol for the population estimate from mark and recapture.
M
The symbol for the number marked in mark and recapture.
C
The symbol for the number capture in the second sample of a mark and recapture.
R
The symbol for the number of marked individuals recaptured in the second sample of a mark and recapture.
Methods of marking animals.
Banding (=leg rings), Tagging, surgical implantation, paint and hair clipping.
Care required in carrying out a mark and recapture.
The method of marking and observation must have minimal impact on the study species.
Assumptions made when using mark and recapture.
All have an equal chance of capture. No immigration or emigration. The marked ones mix fully and randomly into the population when released.
Measurements used to quantify animal behaviour.
Latency, Frequency and Duration.
Latency
The time between the stimulus and the response
Frequency
The number
Duration
An ethogram
A time budget
How to calculate a time budget.
Anthropomorphism.
The importance of avoiding anthropomorphism when analysing animal behaviour.
