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Neuroanatomy > Unit 2 Pre Quiz > Flashcards

Unit 2 Pre Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

The brainstem is made up of what 3 parts?

A

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

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2
Q

Each part of the brainstem consists of what?

A

Tectum (roof) - posterior border

Basilar part

Tegmentum

Ventricular cavity

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3
Q

The basilar part of the brainstem (BS) contains:

A

Descending pathways

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4
Q

Location of the tegmentum in the BS

What does it contain?

A

Between the tectum and basilar parts

Contains:
RF
Ascending tracts
Cranial nerve nuclei

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5
Q

Function of the brainstem

A

1- performs the spinal cord functions to the head

2- has a conduit function for the ascending and descending tracts

3- integrative function- reticular formation

4- reflex center for the resp and cv systems, conscious levels

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6
Q

Spinal cord functions in the brainstem

A

Lower motor neurons for muscles of the head

Initial processing of the general afferent info from the head

Contains cranial nerve nuclei, (CN III -> CN XII)

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7
Q

The medulla extends from the:

To the:

A

Foramen magnum, decussation of the pyramids (Origin of C1 anterior and posterior rootlets)

to caudal pons, pontomedullary junction and occupies the post cranial fossa of the skull

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8
Q

2 main sections of the medulla

A

1- closed or caudal portion- Central canal present

2- open or cranial portion- 4th ventricle present

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9
Q

What is the point of transition between the open and closed portions of the medulla

A

Obex

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10
Q

The obex is where the _______ opens into the ____.

A

4th ventricle

Central canal

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11
Q

What is the boundary line of the medulla in the external ventral view?

A

1- lower border of medulla- decusation of the pyramids

2- foramen magnum

3- best method- C1 Rootlets
-The most superior rootless defines the spinal cord.

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12
Q

External ventral medulla:

The ventral median fissure is continuous with the:

It is a fissure of the:

It is used as a line for:

A

Ventral median

Spinal cord

Bilateral symmetry

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13
Q

External ventral medulla:

Location of the pyramids

A

Either side of the ventral median fissure (VMF)

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14
Q

External ventral medulla:

What are the pyramids made up of

A

Corticospinal tract

Cortidobulbar tract

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15
Q

What does the corticospinal tract carry?

A

Voluntary motor activity to somatic muscles of the body

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16
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract carry

A

Motor activity to the CN nuclei

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17
Q

At the distal ends of the pyramids, the ______, 75-90% of the fibers cross to form the _______, while 10-25% of the fibers do not cross and form the:

A

Pyramidal decussation

Lateral corticospinal tract

Anterior corticospinal tract

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18
Q

Location of the anteriolateral sulcus.

It is continuous with:

A

Lateral to the pyramids

Preolivary sulcus

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19
Q

Where do the ventral roots come out of

A

Anteriolateral sulcus

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20
Q

Location of the olive (inferior olive)

A

Lateral to the anteriolateral sulcus

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21
Q

Function of the olive

A

Motor system control

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22
Q

Impression between pyramid and olive

Where CN XII comes out

A

Preolivary sulcus

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23
Q

Location of the post olivary sulcus

What comes out of here?

A

Lateral and behind olive

CN IX, X, XI

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24
Q

The posterior (dorsal) median sulcus is continuous with the:

A

Sulcus of the spinal cord

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25
The gracile tubercle is continuous with:
Gracile fasciculus (from SC)
26
Location of the gracile tubercle
Lateral to the PMS
27
Function of gracile tubercle
Fine touch to lower body
28
Location of the posteriointermediate sulcus
Lateral to the gracile tubercle
29
The cuneate tubercle represents the:
Curate nucleus
30
Boundary between the open and closed medulla
Obex
31
Tuberculin cinereum represents the:
Spinal nucleus of CN V
32
Location of posteriolateral sulcus
Lateral to the tuberculin cinereum
33
The cuneate tubercle is continuous with: It has: And its function of:
Fasciculus Cell bodies Fine touch to upper half
34
Function of cuneate fasciculus
Fine touch to upper half | Has axons
35
Most humans have the (RIGHT/LEFT) pyramid fibers cross before the other.
Left
36
In the pyramid decussations, which fibers cross first, the neck and upper limb or the lower limb?
Neck and upper limb
37
What structure is near the decussation of the pyramids?
Odontoid process of C2
38
What makes up the dorsal column nuclei
Larger cuneate (C1-T7) And smaller gracile (T7-cocc1) nuclei and their tracts.
39
Function of the dorsal column nuclei
Fine touch of the body
40
Location of spinal nucleus of CN V What is it continuous with
In medulla to the level of C3. With the substantial gelatinosa below and the principle sensory nucleus above.
41
Function of spinal nucleus of CN V
Fine touch and exterioception of the face
42
Function of the spinothalamic tract
Pain and temperature of the body
43
Function of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Balance and vision
44
Function of the tuberalum (SP?) cinereum
Fine touch Pain and temp to the head
45
Structures found in the external ventral medulla
Ventral (ant) median fissure Pyramids Anteriolateral sulcus Olive (inf olive) CN XII CN IX
46
Structures found in the external dorsal surface of the medulla
Post (dorsal) median sulcus Gracile tubercle (Clava) Posteriointermediate sulcus Cuneate tubercle Tuberculin cinereum Posteriolateral sulcus
47
Structures found in the medulla at the pyramidal decussations
Pyramid and decussation Dorsal column nucle Spinal nucleus and tract of CN V Spinothalamic tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Cuneate and gracile fasciculi and tubercles Tuberculum cinereum
48
Function of the MLF
Balance and vision
49
In the lemniscal decussation of the medulla, what happens to the MLF?
Gets shoved dorsal
50
How is the medial lemniscus formed? Where?
Fibers from the gracile and cuneate nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers.. This enters and forms the medial lemniscus - in the lemniscal decussation of the medulla (great sensory decussation)
51
The accessory cuneate nucleus is found lateral to the _______.
Cuneate nucleus
52
The accessory cuneate nucleus forms the ________ tract, which is part of the ____ ______ system for ____ __.
Cuneiocerebellar tract Dorsal spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception.
53
The accessory cuneate nucleus is a continuation of the: Which is associated with:
Dorsal nucleus of Clark Properioception from the upper limb primarily
54
The arcuate nucleus forms the ______ tract, which interconnects the:
Arcuatocerebellar tract Cerebrum and cerebellum
55
The internal arcuate fibers are shown as:
White streaks in the medulla With myelinated neurons
56
Are of the medulla associated w/ voluntary muscle control Major relay center between the cerebellum, cerebrum and spinal cord.
Inferior olivary nuclei
57
What is the inferior olivary nuclei made up of
The principle olive (new) and dorsal accessory olive (old), medial accessory olive (old) and amiculum olivae (fibers)
58
What makes up the olivary complex
Medial accessory olive Dorsal accessory olive Principle olive
59
Axon tracts coming out of the olivary complex
Amiculum olivae
60
Location of cell bodies for CN XII _____ structure in the inf olive crossection
Hypoglossal nucleus Medial
61
Location of the dorsal motor nucleus of CN X _____ structure of the medulla/inf olive cross section
Vagal nucleus lateral
62
Major connector of the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the medulla inf olive crossection
Inf cerebellar peduncle
63
Origin of parasympathetic for CN X
Dorsal motor nucleus
64
Area problema function if for: Here, there is no:
Vomiting reflex BBB
65
Location of the area proslema
In the floor of the 4th ventricle Rostand to the obex
66
The reticular formation resembles what?
A network of nerves arranged in 3 columns; median (raphe), medial and lateral.
67
Location of the reticular formation
Between the pyramids and floor of the 4th ventricle
68
The reticular formation runs from the ______, and is continuous with the:
Decussation of the pyramids Pontine reticular formation
69
What does the reticular formation divide into?
Paramedial- Central: Lateral (lateral reticular and parvicellular)
70
Functions of the reticular formation
Somatic muscle formation Visceral muscle formation Conscious, sleep, and attention
71
The somatic muscle function of the reticular formation is through the:
Reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts
72
Somatic function of the reticular formation
Reciprocal inhibition Emotions and muscles of facial expression
73
Paramedian of the reticular formation function
Input- motor system control - cerebrum / cerebellum Output: cerebellum
74
Function of the central division of the reticular formation
Input: Cerebrum/SC Output: Thalamus/SC *conscious state*
75
Function of the lateral division of the reticular formation
Input: SC, red nucleus, sensory systems *motor system control* Output: Cerebellum
76
Visceral muscle function of the reticular formation
Respiratory and cardiovascular system control
77
How does the reticular formation affect the conscious, sleep and attention states?
Reticular activating system communicates with teh thalamus and pain modulation
78
The 4th ventricle is part of both the ___ and -__
Medulla Pons
79
Borders of the 4th ventricle
Sup cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctiva)- connects the midbrain and cerebellum Inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) - connects medulla and cerebellum Gracile and cuneate tubercles- fine touch of the body
80
What is the roof of the 4th ventricle made up of
Anterior (sup) medullary velum— nervous tissue (CN IV) Cerebellum Tela choroidea (choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle, the post velum is made up of ventricular ependymal and pia mater)
81
Floor of the 4th ventricle , AKA
Rhomboid fossa
82
What makes up the floor of 4th ventricle
Stria medullaris Hypoglossal trigon Vagal trigon Facial colliculus
83
Location of the stria medullaris
Border between the medullary and pontine parts of the 4th ventricle
84
What makes of the stria medullaris
Fibers that connect the arcuate nucleus with the cerebellum, the arcuatocerebellar tract
85
Hypoglossal trigon location and function
Medial of the two trigons (compared to vagal trigon) Nucleus of CN XII
86
Lateral of the 2 trigons in the 4th ventricle floor And function
Vagal trigon Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X
87
What fibers make up the facial colliculus
Fibers of CN VII and the motor nucleus of CN VI
88
Location of the pons
Midbrain and medulla
89
What marks the rostral border of the pons
Cerebral peduncle and the superior pontine sulcus
90
What marks the lateral border of the pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle
91
Inferior border of the pons:
Pontomedullar junction (inf pontine sulcus)
92
The pons is divided into a:
Basilar portion Tegmentum Divided by trapezoid body fibers
93
Most ventral portion of the pons: This is marked by:
Basilar pons Pontine protuberance (basis pontis)
94
What makes up the basilar pons? (Tracts)
CorticoSpinal Corticobulbar Corticoreticularbulbar Corticopontocerebellar
95
Function of the corticospinal tract
Voluntary motor activity to the body
96
The corticobulbar tract runs from: to:
Cerebral cortex Directly to the cranial nerve nuclei
97
The corticoreticulobulbar tract run from the _____ to:
Cerebral cortex A synapse in the reticular formation before reaching the cranial nerve nuclei
98
Largest group of fibers in the basilar pons
Corticopontocerebellar
99
The corticopontocerebellar tract runs from the ___ to the ___, then enters the:
Cortex to the pons Cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle
100
What is on the surface of the basilar portion of the pons?
Pontine sulcus (basilar groove) | Contains the basilar artery
101
Function of corticobulbar tract
Voluntary motion to CN nuclei **this is fast and direct innervation **
102
Function of corticoreticulobulbar tract
Voluntary motor to CN nuclei Synapses in reticular formation *This is slower and indirect innervation*
103
Corticobulbar tract runs from:
Cerebral cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei
104
Corticoreticulobulbar tract runs from:
Cerebral cortex to a synapse in the reticular formation before reaching the cranial nerve nuclei
105
Largest group of fibers in the basilar pons. Runs from:
Corticopontocerebellar tract Cortex to the pons. Then enters the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle
106
Which tract in the basilar pons is the only one to cross the midline?
Corticopontocerebellar tract
107
Older portion of the pons
Tegmentum
108
Structures found in the tegmentum of the pons
Specific lemniscal system Medial longitudinal fasciculus Locus ceruleus Central tegmentum tract Pontine reticular formation
109
The specific lemniscal system is made up of:
Medial lemniscus — fine touch to the body Trigeminal tract - fine touch, pain, and temp of the face Spinothalamic tract— pain and temp in the body
110
Where can the trapezoid body be found in the specific lemniscal system? Also, what is it
In the midline The connection of the cochlear nuclei and lateral lemniscus
111
What forms the border between the basilar and tegmentum pons?
Specific lemniscal system
112
Trigeminal lemniscus, AKA:
Spinal tract for CN V
113
The medial longitudinal fasciculus is always dorsal to the:
Medial lemniscus
114
Blue spot, filled with melanin found in the tegmentum of the pons
Locus ceruleus
115
Where is the locus ceruleus located
In the roster pons in the dorsal tegmentum
116
The locus ceruleus is shown to have decreased cells in what syndromes? What does this indicate?
Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s Down’s syndrom indicates the function is 1- motor system control and 20 cognitive thinking
117
Where do the descending fibers in the central tegmental tract run? Ascending?
Midbrain to the olive Reticular formation to the thalamus
118
What is included in the pontine reticular formation
Paramedian (raphe) nucleus Nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis Lateral nucleus
119
The reticular formation in the pons runs from the:
Tectum to the cerebellum
120
The paramedian nucleus in the pontine reticular formation contains _____ that are associated with ___.
Serotonin-containing cells Sleep production
121
The nucleus reticularis pontis in the reticular formation function
MS controller
122
Largest nucleus in the pontine reticular formation
Nucleus reticularis pontis
123
What is the nucleus reticularis pontis continuous with?
Gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla
124
The caudalis part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis extends from the ____ to the _______. The oralis extends to the level of the ____.
Medulla Trigeminal nuclei Midbrain
125
The nucleus of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis forms what tract? What is this responsible for?
Reticulospinal tract Inhibition of the flexors and excitation of the extensors. Travels with the MLF
126
What is the nucleus reticularis pontis associated with?
The ascending reticular activation system and travels with the central tegmental tract
127
Anything coming in or our of the pons comes through what nucleus in the reticular formation
Lateral nucleus Has connections to the medial reticular nuclei both in a descending and ascending direction
128
The midbrain is made up of:
Tectum (quadrigeminal plate) Tegmentum Basilar q
129
The basilar portion of the midbrain is sometimes referred to as:
Crus cerebri
130
What makes up the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain ?
Tegmentum and crus cerebri
131
The external ventral view of the midbrain contains:
Cerebral peduncle Interpeduncular fossa Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
132
What tracts are in the cerebral peduncle?
Corticospinal (voluntary motor) Corticobulbar (including corticoreticulobulbar)
133
Location of the interpeduncle fossa
Between the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain
134
Optic system CN II
NOT part of the midbrain, but helps identify location!
135
Location of oculomotor (CN III) in midbrain
Medial to cerebral peduncle
136
Location of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) in the midbrain
Lateral to cerebral peduncle
137
What is located in the external dorsal view of the midbrain?
Corpora quadrigemina Trochlear nerve (Not in notes, but also superior (anterior) medullary velum
138
What is included in the corpora quadridgemina?
Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus (2 of each.. bilateral)
139
Which is larger, superior or inferior colliculi?
Superior
140
Function of superior colliculus
Visual reflexes
141
Function of inf colliculus
Auditory reflexes | For stapedius and tensor tympani
142
Location of trochlear nerve (CN IV) in external dorsal view of midbrain
Caudal to the inferior colliculus
143
What is the superior (anterior) medullary velum made up of?
CN IV fibers
144
Where is the tectum of the midbrain found
From the cerebral aqueduct And dorsal surface of the midbrain
145
Contents of the tectum of the midbrain
Inferior colliculus Superior colliculus Locus ceruleus
146
The inferior colliculi are connected across the midline by what?
By the brachium of the inf colliculus
147
The superior colliculi are connected across the midline by what?
The posterior commisure
148
Location of the locus ceruleus
In the caudal midbrain near the edge of the PAG
149
Function of the locus ceruleus
Controls sleep-wake cycles; REM sleep and respiration during sleep
150
Location and function of PAG
Large center of the midbrain Important pain modulator
151
Location of the MLF in the midbrain
Dorsal to medial lemniscus
152
Substantial Nigeria contains ______ It’s function:
Melanin granules Motor controller
153
Where is the tegmentum of the midbrain found?
From the cerebral aqueduct To the substantial Nigra
154
Contents of the tegmentum of the midbrain
Re nucleus Ventral tegmental area Superior cerebellar peduncle Medial lemniscus medial longitudinal fascicus Spinothalamic tract Nucleus of Darkschewitsch Interstitial nucleus of Cajal Reticular formation Motor nucleus of CN IV (trochlear nucleus) (caudal midbrain) OR Motor nucleus of CN III (cranial midbrain) + edinger-Westphalia nucleus (cranial midbrain)
155
Function of red nucleus
Relay center for fibers from cerebellum to thalamus Motor system control
156
Reward center of the brain Associated with Cocaine addiction
Ventral tegmental area (in midbrain)
157
Connection from the midbrain to the cerebellum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
158
Lateral aspect of PAG
Nucleus of darkschewitsch
159
Function of nucleus of darkschewitsch
Dorsal visual accessory nucleus
160
Location of interstitial nucleus of Cajal
Along ventral aspect of PAG
161
Function of interstitial nucleus of Cajal
Ventral visual accessory nucleus Slow rotary and vertical smooth pursuit eye patterns
162
Location of cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain
Surrounded by PAG
163
When testing pupil dilation for only one eye, both eyes will dilate. What is to thank for this?
Superior colliculus
164
Location of the reticular formation in the midbrain
Lateral and dorsal to the red nucleus
165
3 nuclei found in the reticular formation in the midbrain (ventral to dorsal)
Pedunculopontine nucleus (lateral) Subcuneiform nucleus Cuneiform nucleus
166
Function of pedunculopontine nucleus
MS control
167
The basilar midbrain runs from the:
Substantial nigra to the ventral surface of the midbrain
168
Contents of the basilar midbrain
Cerebral peduncle (crus cerebri) Interpeduncular fossa Substantial nigra
169
The cerebral peduncle is continuous with the ____ superiorly and ____ inferiorly
Internal capsule Basis pontis
170
Depression between the 2 cerebral peduncles
Interpeduncular fossa
171
What is located in the floor of the interpeduncular fossa? What is this for?
The posterior perforating substance BV passage in the area
172
2 areas of the substantial nigra
Dorsal area- (zona compacta, contains melanin) Ventral area- (zona reticularis- contains iron compounds)

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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