Unit 1 Before Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
The CNS is made up of:
A
Brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Part of the brain forming complex ideas
A
Cerebrum
3
Q
Part of the brain primary for motor control
A
Cerebellum
4
Q
Part of the brain for basal activities
A
Brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla)
5
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
6
Q
Nerves associated with the body wall
A
Somatic NS (spinal nerves)
7
Q
Nerves to the viscera
A
Auronomic (visceral) NS
(Sympathetic— fight or flight
Parasympathetic — rest or digest)
8
Q
The gray matter in the CNS is made up of what?
A
Cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons
9
Q
Cell bodies in the brain or SC
A
Nucleus
10
Q
Cell bodies outside the CNS
A
Ganglion
11
Q
Outer covering of cells bodies
A
Cortex
12
Q
What is the white matter of the CNS made up of?
A
Axons of the neurons
13
Q
Parts of white matter
A
Tracts (fibers in route from one place to another)
Fasciculus (Minor bundles in the SC)
Peduncle
Lemniscus
Funiculus (major bundles in the SC)
14
Q
The white matter tracts are named for…
A
Their site of origin to their site of termination
For ex- the spinothalamic tract runs from the SC to the thalamus
15
Q
Review planes of sections
A
Planes of sections
16
Q
What is the process called where holes were drilled into skulls for tx of headache and/or mental disorders?
What year were these practiced?
A
Trepanation
5000BC
17
Q
In the year _____, Egyptians believed what about the brain and heart?
A
3000 BC
The heart was the seat of the soul and memories
They were well aware of the effects of brain injuries
18
Q
What was Hippocrates’ views on the brain?
A
The brain was the site of sensation and intelligence
19
Q
What were Aristotle’s views on the brain?
A
The HEART was the center for intelligence
The brain was used for the cooling of the blood
20
Q
During the ____ ___, Galen was a physician to ____.
What did he find about the brain?
A
Roman Empire
Gladiators
Found 2 parts of the brain- cerebrum (for sensory) and cerebellum (motor function.. bc it has similar structure to skel muscle)
Also said nerve transmission was a fluid event and ventricles are fluid filled.
21
Q
What did Andreas Vesalius find about the brain?
A
Ventricles were critical to brain function
22
Q
What did Rene Descartes find about the brain? When?
A
Proposed the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function. (Fluid is forced out of ventricles through nerves, causing muscles to pump)
Also a human’s mental capabilities exist outside the brain in the mind (soul)
The bridge between the brain and the soul was the pineal gland
In renaissance period
23
Q
What discovery did Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond find? When?
A
In 19th century
A muscle can stitch when electricity is applied to it or its nerve.
So, nerves do not move fluid but are electrical
24
Q
What did Charles Bell and Francois Magendie find?
A
Found that there are two parts of a nerve—
Motor (ventral)
And sensory (dorsal)
Each of these is a one-way transmission nerve.
And that the SC has both functions
25
What did Marie Jean Pierre Flourens find?
With what technique/
Was able to show the cerebrum was sensory in nature and cerebellum was motor.
Used the alblation technique (certain areas of the brain were destroyed and resulting deficiencies were studied)
26
Findings of Franz Joseph Gall
Founded the study of phrenology
Bumps of the brain (gyri) were projected to the skull and by reading these bumps he could comclude various functions of the brain and study ones personality.
27
Findings of Dr. Paul Broca
Mapped functions of the brain by using the alblation technique.
Found cerebrum is both motor and sensory
28
Theodor Schwann in ____ found:
1839
“All tissue is made up of cells”
Therefore the brain is made up of cells.
29
Why was the Nissle stain important?
Distinguished neurons from glial cells
Enables histologists to study the cytoarchitecture of various parts of the brain
30
What do nissl bodies consist of
Rough ER
Ribosomes
Polysomes
31
Nissl stain was great for staining:
It was not great for showing:
RNA (so showed nucleolous, nucleus and nissl bodies)
DNA
32
Who developed a new stain showing the entire neuron? What did he use?
What were we now able to see?
Camilo Golgi
Used silver
Cell body and neurites (processes of the neuron)
33
Problem with Golgi’s silver stain?
This covers the neurons, we cannot see the organelles
34
Who took the Golgi stain and diluted it to see organelles of a neuron as well as structure?
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
35
What was the continuous theory? Who believed it?
Nerves are fused into a continuous network similar to arteries and veins
believed by Golgi
36
What was the discontinuous theory? Who believed it?
Nerves communicate by contact and not continuity (so there is a gap between neurons)
Believed by Cajal
37
What did Neuron Doctrine proposed by Waldeyer state?
The neuron is a functional unit of the NS. It consists of:
1- Cell body, soma, perikaryon
2- axon (carries AP away from the cell body)
3- Dendrites (carries AP toward the cell body)
38
A neuron may have ___-___ dendrites
0-16
This varies a lot
39
The cell body is where most ____ of the cell are located. Is is also where:
Organelles
Cellular process takes place. (Protein synthesis, ATP production, etc)
40
What is the metabolic and genetic center of the neuron
Cell body
41
The cell membrane of the cell body is a standard ____ ____ membrane with the following functions:
Standard lipid bilayer membrane
1- blocks diffusion of water
2- selectively permeable to ions
3- transduces information by using receptors
42
What are the membrane-associated proteins of the cell membrane?
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
43
Function of the integral proteins
Forms channels, carriers and pumps.
Found throughout the whole thing.
Ions move primarily through these proteins
44
Function of peripheral proteins. Where are they found
Forms the receptors.
Only found in 1 aspect of the bilayer
Receptors found on the outer aspect
Signals on the inner aspect.
45
Signals of the peripheral proteins are like:
Cyclic AMP
46
Do we have a lot of cholesterol in the cell membrane? Why/why not?
No
Cholesterol stiffens things. We need to be able to move our neurons about.
47
The membrane of the cell body has a ____ associated with it.
Glycocalyx
48
Size and shape of the nucleus of the neuron
Round in shape
Centrally located
Size is directly proportional to the number of branches it has
49
What is the nuclear cap
Indented area stuffed with RER
50
Why does a neuron have a very prominent nucleolus
The cell is very metabolically active, specifically with protein synthesis
51
Other than the nucleolus, the nucleus is filled with:
Chromatin
52
Heterochromatin
Dark staining DNA... Unused DNA. (Seen as black dots in the nucleus)
53
Euchromatin
Light staining DNA the cell is currently using.
54
Neurons compared to other cells use 10x (MORE/LESS) DNA. This tells us:
More
Neurons are very metabolically active
55
What is the nuclear satellite
Dark structure at the edge of the nucleus.
Large area of heterochromatic.
*Inactive X chromosome of a female!*
56
Nissl bodies are highly ____ and area associated with:
Basophilic
Protein synthesis
57
Function of the SER
Regulates the internal concentrations of substances such as calcium, etc.
58
Function of the Golgi complex
Sorts certain proteins that are destines for delivery to different parts of the cell.
Also associated with post-translational changes of proteins, lysosome production and synthesis of the cell membrane
59
Neurons lack the ability to store ___. This is why ____ are important in energy production
Glycogen
Mitochondria
60
Mitochondria are dependent on ____ ___ levels and ____ levels
Blood glucose
Oxygen
61
High energy of neurons is relates to what?
Transportation of:
- Ions
- neurotransmitter synthesis
- metabolism of glutamine
(Also needed fo the Na-K pump... 25-40%)
62
What does the increase number of lysosomes in a neuron indicate?
Neuronal injury or disease
63
What is the longest process of the neuron
Axon
64
The axon contains about ___% of total cytoplasm in the neuron
99
65
What makes the axon different than the some?
It has no RER, ribosomes or Golgi
It has a different protein composition in the cell membrane when compared to the cell body cell membrane
66
What is the area called between the cell body and the first myelin sheath
Axon hillock
67
Spaces between the areas with a myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
68
An axon may have branches, called
Axon collaterals
69
What is it called if axon collaterals communicate with their own cell bodies or dendrites?
Recurrent collaterals
70
The axon hillock is very (LIGHT/DARK) staining
Light
71
Why is the axon hillock so light staining?
There are no nissl bodies here.
72
Area between the axon hillock and first myelin sheath
Initial segment
73
The initial segment has a confluence of ______. This is called the ____ ____, and is the:
Microtubules
Dense undercoating
Most excitable area of the axon and where the AP is thought to begin
74
The dense undercoating/initial segment is an area of very concentrates:
Sodium channels
So referred tro as the trigger zone
75
The distal end of the axon is known as the ____ ____. This is where we see ____ form.
Axon terminal
Synapses
76
Area of the distal exam that flares
Telodendria
(This makes room for the terminal boutons (specialized presynaptic terminal carrying organelles, proteins and other molecules needed))
77
How does the axon terminal differ from the rest of the axon
1- no microtubules enter here
2- contains synaptic vesicles
3- the inside surface has a dense covering of protein
4- there are numerous mitochondria
78
What are the dendrites
Receptive area that bring AP toward the cell body
79
Dendrite that is attached to the cell body
Purpose?
Primary dendrites
(2ndary and tertiary and so on dendrites can be attached starting at the primary dendrites)
Purpose is to increase surface area for synaptic contact
80
What are the dendritic spines
Small projections that serve too increase the receptive area of the neuron.
They isolate various chemical reactions triggered by some synaptic activity
81
Histologically, dendrites and the cell body look:
The same. Just no nucleus or Golgi
82
There is a high concentration of ____ just under the dendritic spines
Polysomes
83
Difference between a normal neuron vs one on a person w/ mental retardation
Normal dendrite has thick dendritic cells
Individual w/ mental retardation’s dendrites are malformed dendritic spines. Causes changes in synaptic contact and synaptic transmission.
84
What are the ways we classify neurons?
Number of neurites (processes)
Dendrite pattern
Connections
Axon length
Neurotransmitter
85
Single neurite, acts like an axon
Very simplistic— to simple for humans
Unipolar
86
Type of neuron
Looks like one neurite but it is really two
Has 1 primary dendrite and 1 axon.
They attach to the cell body right next to each other
Pseudounipolar
87
Type of innervation for pseudounipolar:
Where is the best place to find this?
General sensory (pain, temp, touch)
Dorsal root ganglion
88
Type of neuron with 2 neurites at opposite ends of the cell
Bipolar
89
Type of innervation for bipolar neurons?
Best place to find them?
Special sensory systems (vision, hearing, balance, etc)
Retina
90
Type of neuron.. 3 or more neurites..
Most numerous in humans
Multipolar
91
Type of innervation for multipolar neurons?
Best place to find?
Motor systems
Ventral horn, spinal cord
92
Dendritic pattens and their shapes
Pyramidal: shaped like a pyramid
Stellate: shaped like a star
Spiny: Spines are present
Aspinous: spines are absent
93
Neuron classification based on connections:
Primary sensory- connects to surface of the body
Motor- connects to muscles
Interneurons- connects to other neurons
94
Neuron classifications based on axon length
Golgi type I: Long axons that form tracts (principal cells)
Golgi type II: Short axons that do not extend beyond the vicinity of the cell body, local circuit neurons (interneurons)
95
Neuron classification based on neurotransmitters
Cholingeric- uses acetylcholine
96
The number of synapses on a neuron is related to:
The extent of its dendritic field
97
What are the 5 types of synapses?
Axoaxonic: Axon to axon communication
Axodendritic: Axon to dendrite
Axosomatic: Axon to cell body
Dendrodendritic: Dendrite to dendrite
Motor end plate (neuromuscular): Axon to muscle
98
What is the most common type of synapse in the human NS?
Axodendritic
99
What are axodendritic and axosomatic synapses primarily used for?
Transmission of AP
100
What are axoaxonic and dendrodendritic synapses primarily used for?
Control of the NS (excitation or inhibition to speed up or slow down a reaction)
101
1 axon can synapse at numerous sites on the dendrites. This is called:
Telodendria
102
Axosomatic synapse is commonly used to increase:
Conduction velocity (we don’t need to allow time for membrane potential to go through the dendrites)
103
The synapse was first described by ____ in :
Sherrington
1897
104
The synapse is made up of:
Presynaptic terminal / Terminal bouton (neuropodia)
And postsynaptic
105
The presynaptic terminal of an axon will always be a(n) _____ which contains:
Axon
Synaptic vesicles for neurotransmitters and mitochondria for energy production
106
The postsynaptic membrane contains:
And it supported by:
Receptors for the neurotransmitter
Synaptic web
(This can be either NS or MS depending on the target)
107
What is the synaptic cleft
The space between the 2 membranes (pre and post synapses)
108
The presynaptic terminal will lose the ____ ____. This makes:
Myelin sheath
Transmission of the neurotransmitter a lot easier
109
Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals contain:
This indicates:
Mitochondria
Something here requires energy
110
Two types of synapses we will find:
Gray type I
Gray type II
111
Qualities of Gray Type I synapses
Round synaptic vesicles
Asymmetrical membrane with postsynaptic being thicker
There are USUALLY excitatory
112
Properties of Gray type II synapses
Ovoid synaptic vesicles
Symmetrical membranes
USUALLY inhibitory synapses
113
Support cells of the NS
Glial cells
114
Most numerous and largest of the glial cells.
What do they look like?
Astrocytes
Branched stellate cells w/ an ovoid centrally located pale nucleus
no nucleolus
115
They cytoplasm of astrocytes contains granules with:
Granules with GFAP (glial fibillary acidic protein)
116
Location of astrocytes
Between a blood capillary and a neuron
117
Astrocytes are found extending to the ____ ___ and around the:
Initial segment
Nodes of ranvier
118
Two types of astrocytes
Fibrous
Protoplasmic
119
Fibrous astrocytes are made up of ___ matter. They have ____ process.
Here you’ll find metabolic ____.
White
Thin, less branching
Transfer
120
Protoplasmic astrocytes are made up of ___ matter. They have ____ processes.
here you’ll see metabolic ____.
Gray
Thicker
Intermediates
121
Major functions of astrocytes
1- regulates chemical content of the extracellular space by taking up excess K+.
2- Removes many neurotransmitters for the synaptic cleft by special proteins in their membranes
3- forms a support network for neurons
4- stores glycogen which can be used for neurons
5- insulates the neuron from other neurons
**Remember the 3 S’s. Storage, scavengers, support**
122
Type of glial cell responsible for myelinization of the neuron.
Makes the myelin sheath.
Oligodendrocyte
123
Counterpart of oligodendrocyte in the PNS
Schwann cell
124
Oligodendrocytes may also serve as:
A potassium buffer (can move potassium across their membrane)
125
Which glial cells are referred to as macroglia??
Astrocytes as oligodendroglia
126
Glial Cells shown to be in the linings of the ventricles and central canal of the SC.
Ependymal cells
127
Ependymal cells are what shape?
Cuboidal to columnar in shape
May have Cilia on the surface
128
Purpose of the ependymal cells
Important in formation of CSF and may help direct cell migration during brain development.
129
3 types of ependymal cells
Choroid epithelial cell
Ependymocytes
Tanycytes
130
Function and properties of the choroid epithelial cells
Creation of CSF
Covers the choroid plexus.. have microvilli on apical surface and invaginations on their basal surface
131
Function and properties of epedymocytes
Lines ventricles
Absorptive cells
Helps move the CSF constantly\
and possesses cilia and microvilli
132
Function and properties of tanycytes
Very small amount
Found in 3rd ventricle
Transport chemicals to the hypophyseal portal system
Long basal processes
Move material from the brain to the pituitary gland (releasing factors)
133
Macrophages of the brain
Microglia
134
Microglia are derived from the ____ embryonically and develop from:
Mesoderm
Blood monocytes
135
Axonal transport was a concept first looked at by:
He found that:
Augustus Waller
Found axons couldn’t be sustained when separated from their cell body
136
What was Paul Weiss able to discover in regards to axonal transport?
He formed a lasso around a neuron- did not completely cut off supply to the axon.
Saw mitochondria stack up proximal to the lasso, coming up with the concept of axonal transport
137
What are the types of axonal transport?
Anterograde (orthograde)
Retrograde
138
Anterograde transport moves material from the ________ to the _____.
Cell body
Axon terminal
139
Slow anterograde transport is used for that?
Repair
Transports repair proteins and lipids to areas needing repair
140
Fast anterograde transport is used for:
Transport of membrane bound vesicles
141
Anterograde transport uses what protein to transport?
Kinesin
142
Retrograde transport is used to transport from the _____ ___ to the ____ ___. It uses the protein ____.
Axon terminal to cell body
Dyein
143
Purpose of retrograde transport
Used for the destruction and recycling of old material
144
Kinesin and Dyenin use _____ when transporting.
The movement is ____ dependent
Microtubules
ATP
145
What is myelin made up of
Lipid (phospholipids and cholesterol)
And protein
146
When does the myelinization process begin and end?
Begins 4th month of gestation
Continues throughout adulthood
147
What sits between a the myelin and axon acting as an adhesive for the schwann cell?
Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG)
148
Describe process of Jelly Roll Theory
1- MAG situates itself between the myelin and axon
2- Axon indents into the schwann cell
3- Schwann cell rotates up to 50 times to form the myelin sheath.
As is rotates, it squeezes the neuroplasm so that the cell membranes make contact with each other and they will fuse
149
What are schmidt-lanterman clefts?
Areas of the myelin sheath were small amounts of cytoplasm are trapped between the membranes, leading to incomplete fusion.
150
What are the general rules about myelinization?
1- sensory paths are fist, followed by motor pathways
2- projection neurons are before associated neurons
3- central telencephalon is before the poles
4- the occipital pole is before the temporal or frontal poles
151
What are the 2 major types of ganglia
Autonomic and craniospinal
152
Autonomic ganglia are found in the ____. They have ____ neurons with ___ nuclei.
ANS
Multipolar
Eccentric
153
Autonomic neurons are covered with ___ and:
CT
Small perineuronal satellite cells
154
Small perineuronal cells in the autonomic ganglia are ____ when compared to craniospinal ganglia
Sparse
155
Autonomic ganglia have small :
Interneurons- small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells.
156
Where are craniospinal ganglion found?
Dorsal root ganglion
Ganglia of CN V, VII, VIII, IX, and X.
157
Craniospinal ganglia are made up of _____ _____ with ___ placed nuclei.
These have a large ____ nucleolus and many ___ cells.
Pattern is referred to as:
Pseudounipolar neurons (or bipolar in CN VIII)
Centrally placed
Central
Satellite
“Owl eyed”
158
What are satellite cells?
Flattened schwann cells
159
Connective tissue around each axon
Myelin sheath
160
Delicate CT around an axon
Endoneurium (very loose areolar CT).
161
CT forming nerve fascicles or bundles around multiple endoneurium
May act as a _____ barrier
Perineurium
Diffusion
162
Layer of CT going around an entire nerve.
____ tissue may be present
Epineurium
Adipose
*acts as a shock absorber that dissipates stress*
163
What are the major changes we see within the cell body of an injured neuron?
1- Pygonic nucleus (dark staining.. pulls all the chromosomal material together to protect DNA.)
2. Cell body undergoes Chromolysis (Nissl bodies undergo clumping together)
3. Cell body takes on water and bloats up and nucleus shifts to periphery of the cell.
164
Steps of neuron recovery (months - years process)
Axon sprouts form from the axon
Formation of the schwann tube
Axon sprout enters the tube, searches for tissue it needs to attach to.
165
The neural plate forms beween the _____ and the ____. It is mostly derived from the ____.
Buccopharyngeal membrane
Primitive node
Ectoderm
166
Ectoderm cells go from flattened to ____ shaped cells. This is first indication of ____ ____ forming.
Columnar
Neural plate
167
What is the primary inducer for the neural plate forming?
Notochord
168
the neural plate folds and starts to form the ___ ___. This folds (INWARD/OUTWARD)
neural groove
inward
169
what is the process called where the neural plate forms into the neural tube?
primary neurulation
170
fusion of the neural tube runs from ____ to ____ beginning at the ____ somite
cranial
caudal
4th
171
anything cranial to the 4th somite becomes the ____. Anything below it becomes the ____.
Brain
spinal cord
172
what are the first two openings in the neural tube?
Anterior and posterior neuropores
173
Which neuropore closes first?
anterior neuropore.
post neuropore closes about 2 days later
174
function of the neuropores
allows for communication between the neural tube and amniotic cavity
175
what happens to the lateral margin of the neural plate?
it does not become incorporated into the neural tube and forms the neural crest cells.
176
The cranial portion of the neural tube begins to dilate into the:
3 vesicle brain
177
Parts of the 3 vesicle brain sup to inf
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
178
Flexure between the rhombencephalon and spinal cord in the 3 vesicle brain
cervical flexure
| here goes from a verticle line to horizontal
179
Flexure between the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon in the 3 and 5 vesicle brain.
cephalic flexure
Also considered to be at the midpoint of the mesencephalon.
180
In the 5 vesicle brain, the prosencephalon forms into the:
Telencephalon
Diencephalon (with optic vesicles)
181
In the 5 vesicle brain, the mesencephalon forms into the:
mesencephalon
182
In the 5 vesicle brain, the rhombencephalon forms into the:
Metencephalon
myelencephalon
183
which part of the 5 vesicle brain mitoses the fastest?
Telencephalon
184
What is the lumen of the mesencephalon?
Cerebral aqueduct
185
which part of the 5 vesicle brain is elongated?
Myelencephalon
186
which ventricle(s) form the 4th ventricle of the brain?
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
187
location of the cervical flexure in the 5 vesicle brain
between the myelincephalon and SC
188
location of the pontine flexure
between the metencephalon and myelincephalon
189
location of the rhombencephalic flexure
between the mesen and meten
190
Adult structure of the telencephalon
cerebral cortex
191
adult structure of the diencephalon
thalamus
192
adult structure of the mesecephalon
midbrain
193
adult structure of the metencephalon
Pons
Cerebellum
194
adult structure of the myelencephalon
Medulla
195
the neural tube begins as ____ ___ epithelium, then proliferates into ___ ____. This is held together by:
simple columnar
pseudostratified columnar
junctional complexes
196
4 zones that develop in the neural tube for neuron development
Ventricular zone (martix)
Subventricular zone
Mantle zone
Marginal zone
197
The ventricular zone for neural tune lines the ___. Here ___ occurs.
lumen
mitosis
(nuclei of daughter cells migrate to the apical aspect of the cell)
198
The ventricular zone is where you will find ____, which is needed for glial cell production. It's function:
GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein)
Tells cells if they should become glial cells or neurons
199
The subventricular zone has what areas of mitosis
Rhombic lip
Ganglionic eminence
Everywhere else after the ventricular zone has NO MORE mitosis
200
The rhombic lip becomes the:
The ganglionic eminence becomes the:
cerebellum
basal ganglia
201
which zone will gray matter of the CNS form?
mantle zone
202
which zone will white matter/axons develop?
marginal zone (outside the neurotube)
203
What layers form the ependymal layer of the adult CNS?
ventricular and subventricular layers
204
Neuroepithelial cells give rise to _____, which then form ________.
multipotential stem cells
bipotential progenerator cells
205
bipotential progenerator cells give rise to either ______ or ______.
neuronal progenitor cells (no GFAP)
or glial progenitor cells (from GFAP)
206
Neuronal progenitor cells develop into _____, then _____, then ______, and finally:
apolar neuroblast
bipolar neuroblast
multipolar neuroblast
mature neurons with a myelin sheath
207
Glial progenitor cells can divide into:
Radial progenitor cells
Astrocyte progenitor cells
O-2A progenitor cells
208
Radial progenitor cells divide into:
astrocytes
and ependymal cells
209
Astrocyte progenitor cells divide into:
astrocytes
210
O-2A progenitor cells divide into:
Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
211
microglia cells form from the:
mesenchyme (mesoderm)
212
Neural crest cells form from the:
ectoderm
213
neural crest cells give rise to:
DRG
Sensory ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, X
Sympathetic neuroblast
schwann cells
melanocytes
odontoblast
meninges
adrenal medulla
214
For spinal cord development:
the SC develops from the:
this is lined with:
distal end of the neural tube
neuroepithelial cells
215
For spinal cord development:
| neuroepithelial cells give rise to ____, which forms the _____. This splits into the:
neuroblast
mantle layer (gray matter)
alar and basal plates
216
For spinal cord development:
the separation of the alar and basal plates is marked by the:
sulcus limitans
217
For spinal cord development:
the alar plates form the ___ ___ of the SC ___ ___, along with part of the:
Parts from the alar plates are:
dorsal horn
gray matter
intermediate horn.
sensory
218
For spinal cord development:
the basal plates develop into the ____ and part of the:
Parts from the basal plates are:
ventral
intermediate horn
Motor
219
the lateral/intermediate horn is found where?
this is where the _____ originates.
The function here is:
T1-L3 spinal cord
sympathetic NS
both sensory and motor
220
the opening of the 4th ventricle causes the alar plate to:
rotate dorsolaterally
221
for myelencephalon development:
the alar plate forms the _____, which then forms the:
bulbopontine extension
olivary nuclei
222
for myelencephalon development:
the alar plate becomes ___ nuclei for which cranial nerve types? (lateral to medial)
sensory
GSA- lateral
SVA - intermediate
GVA- Medial
223
for myelencephalon development:
the basal plate forms ___ nuclei of which types of cranial nerves (lateral to medial)
motor
GVE- Lateral
SVE- Intermediate
GSE- Medial
224
the olivery complex has which function
sensory
225
for metencephalon development:
the alar plate forms the ____ ___ which gives rise to the:
So it's function is:
bulbopontine extension
pontine nuclei
sensory
226
for metencephalon development:
the alar plate gives rise to ___ nuclei of which types of cranial nerves (lateral to medial)
sensory
GSA - lateral
SVA- intermediate
GVA- medial
227
for metencephalon development:
the basal plate forms ____ nuclei of which types of cranial nerves? (lateral to medial)
motor
GVE - Lateral
SVE- Intermediate
GSE- Medial
228
for metencephalon development:
The rhombic lip is also formed, which develops into the:
cerebellum
229
for mesencephalon development:
The alar plate gives rise to the ___ which will then develop into the ____ and ____ _____.
It also forms part of the:
Tectum
sup and inf colliculi
red ucleus and substantia nigra
230
for mesencephalon development:
| the lumen stays a small opening to become the:
cerebral aqueduct
231
for mesencephalon development:
the basal plate forms the _____ which is divided into dorsal and ventral areas.
tegmentum
232
for mesencephalon development:
larger, lateral area of the tegmentum
Develops into:
Dorsal area
GVE: Lateral (CN III)
GSE: Medial (CN III, IV)
233
for mesencephalon development:
smaller medial area of the tegmentum:
Develops into:
Ventral area
cerebral pedncle
Part of the red nucleus and substantia nigra
234
for mesencephalon development:
| the red nucleus and substantia nigra control:
Motor function
| derived from alar and basal plates... cannot control motor w/out sensing it
235
for mesencephalon development:
the roof plate develops into the:
superior medullary velum
236
the prosencephalon (___ and ____) only develops ___ plates
telencephalon and diencephalon
alar
237
In diencephalon development:
the hypothalamus develops into the:
hypothalamus (only cellular differentiation)
238
In diencephalon development:
The ganglionic eminence forms the ______. This is a dorsal mass of cells impinging on the ___ ventricle. This pinches and forms the ___ and ___.
embryonic corpus striatum
3rd ventricle
adult corpus striatum and thalamus
239
In diencephalon development:
the adult corpus striatum migrates into the _____. Here it will pinch and separate to form the:
cerebrum
caudate and lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia
240
In telencephalon development:
the hippocampus develops into the:
hippocampus
241
In telencephalon development:
The ___ is the fastest growing and gives us the ____.
It mitoses into these 2 parts:
pallidum
cerebrum
Neopallidum and Paleopallidum
242
In telencephalon development:
The neopallidum is the (LARGER/SMALLER) of the 2 structures from the pallidum. gives us most of the ____. This develops into the:
larger
cerebrum
neocortex
243
In telencephalon development:
The neocortex is the area that:
makes us human... where we think and form complex ideas
244
In telencephalon development:
the ___ is the smaller of the 2 structures from the pallidum. This develops into:
paleopallidum
paleocortex and
internal capsule
245
In telencephalon development:
The paleocortex is a more ____ area. This gives us our:
primitive
olfactory system
246
In telencephalon development:
Anything in and out of the cerebrum goes through the:
internal capsule
247
2 areas the pituitary gland develops from
1- outgrowth of diencephalon (ectoderm derived) -- this forms the posterior pituitary AND pituitary stalk
2- Small outgrow from the oral cavity (Rathke's pouch)- forms the anterior pituitary
