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Kinesiology > Unit 2 PPT > Flashcards

Unit 2 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

What does a extensibility and elasticity do

A

Enabled the muscle to be stressed and return the normal length

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2
Q

What are tendons continuations of

A

Muscles connective tissue and also possess extensibility and elasticity

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3
Q

Contractility

A

The ability to shorten and produced tension

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4
Q

Muscle functions

A

Flexibility
Strength
Power
Endurance

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5
Q

What does muscle fiber consist of

A

Myofibrils held together by sarcolemma that can propagate nerve impulses

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6
Q

How are myofibrils arranged

A

in parallel formation

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7
Q

what are myofibrils made up of

make appearance

A

alternating dark and light bands that give muscle fiber their striated appearance

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8
Q

what is myofibrils enclosed in

A

endomysium

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9
Q

what does actin do when stimulated

A

slides over myosin

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10
Q

cross bridges

A

projections of myosin attached to actin

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11
Q

what is a myofibril

A

any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells.
consists of a series of sarcomeres

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12
Q

Concentric contractions

A

Oppose gravity
Action as indicated
Muscles shortens under tension

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13
Q

eccentric contractions

A

with gravity
action of opposite muscle group
muscle lengthens under tesion

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14
Q

type I muscle fiber

A

slow oxidative

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15
Q

type IIa muscle fiber

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

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16
Q

type IIb muscle fiber

A

fast glycolytic

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17
Q

type 1 slow twitch

characteristics

A 
smaller, red
greater blood supply
more myoglobin
more resistant to fatigue
aerobic
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18
Q

type IIb

characteristics

A 
large, pale
less blood supply
less myoglobin
fatigue easier
anaerobic
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19
Q

what do most limb muscles contain

A

relatively equal distribution of each muscle fiber

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20
Q

what do postural muscles contain more of

A

slow twitch fibers

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21
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile unit of skeletal muscle

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22
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase number of fibers

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23
Q

hypertrophy

A

fibers get larger in size

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24
Q

Reverse muscle action

A

Occurs when the distal bone is stabilized and the proximal bone moves

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25
Q

Shows what muscle action will occur

A

Attachment location
Angle of pull
Number of articulations crossed

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26
Q

What determines movement

A

Type of joint

Spatial relationships

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27
Q

Classification by movement muscles

A

flexors, extensors
abductors, adductors
rotators

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28
Q

fusiform

classification by fiber arrangement

A

muscle fibers parallel to long axis

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29
Q

what can fusiform include

A

longitudinal, quadrate, trianglur

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30
Q

pennate

classification by fiber arrangement

A

fibers extend from central tendon

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31
Q

what can pennate include

A

unipenniform
bipenniform
multipenniform

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32
Q

Longitudinal muscle

A

long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its axis

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33
Q

example of longitudinal muscle

A

sartorius

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34
Q

quadrate or quadrilateral

A

four sided and usually flat

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35
Q

example of quadrate muscle

A

rhomboids

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36
Q

triangular

A

fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other end

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37
Q

example of triangular muslce

A

pectoralis major

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38
Q

fusiform or “spindle”

A

rounded muscle that tapers at either end

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39
Q

example of fusiform muscle

A

brachioradialis

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40
Q

unipennate

A

a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from the side of a long tendon

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41
Q

example of unipennate muslce

A

tibialis posterior

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42
Q

bipennate

A

long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon

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43
Q

example of bipennate muscle

A

rectus femoris

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44
Q

multipennate

A

several tendons are present, with fibers running diagonally between them

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45
Q

example of multipennate muslce

A

middle deltoid

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46
Q

mechanical advantage of fusiform

A

longer fibers
greater ROM
less force production

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47
Q

mechanical advantage of pennate

A

shorter fibers
less ROM
greater force production

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48
Q

What is proportional two its physiological cross section

A

Force a muscle can exert

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49
Q

do broad, thick, longitudinal muscle or thin muscle exert more force

A

broad, thick, longitudinal muslces

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50
Q

does a pennate muscle or a longitudinal muscle of same thickness exert a greater force

A

pennate muscle

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51
Q

why does a pennate muscle exert more force than a longitudinal muscle of same thickness

A

the oblique arrangement of the fiber allows for a larger number of fibers

52
Q

how much can a muscle shorten to

A

approximately half its resting length

53
Q

what long muscles with fibers longitudinally arranged along the long axis do

A

exert force over a longer distance

54
Q

what can pennate muscles with their oblique fiber arrangement and short fibers do

A

exert superior force through only a short range

55
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A 
Concentric
eccentric
isometric
isotonic
isokinetic
56
Q

concentric

A

muscle shortens with tension

weight against gravity

57
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthens with tension

weight with gravity

58
Q

isometric

occurs

A

tension but no movement

tension is developed in the muscle without any appreciable change in length

59
Q

isotonic

A

constant tension through ROM

equal tension

60
Q

isokinetic

A

maximum tension through ROM

equal or same motion

61
Q

example of isokinetic

A

cybex, biodex, nautilis

62
Q

example of isotonic

A

free weights

63
Q

what does contract mean literally

A

draw together

64
Q

when does muscle contraction occur

A

whenever muscle fibers generate tension which may occur while the muscle is actually shortening, remaining the same length, or lengthening

65
Q

when does concentric or shortening contraction occur

A

when tension by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment

66
Q

how does eccentric or lengthening contractions occur

A

when a muscle slowly lengthens as it gives in to an external force that is greater than the contractile force it is exerting

67
Q

what does a muscle act like during eccentric contraction

A

a brake

68
Q

when does isometric contraction occurs under what 2 conditions

A

antagonistic muscles contract with equal strength

muscle is held against another force

69
Q

how does isotonic contraction occur

A

tension remains constant while muscle shortens or lengthens

70
Q

how does a isokinetic contraction occcur

A

maximum muscle effort at the same speed

accomodating resistance

71
Q

movement to gravity

A 
in same direction (downward)
opposing gravity (upward)
perpendicular to gravity (horizontal)
72
Q

is horizontal motion affected by gavity

A

no

73
Q

what kind of contraction does lifting against gravity require

A

concentric contraction

74
Q

what kind of contraction does slowly lowering with gravity require

A

eccentric contraction

75
Q

what does forceful downward motion use

A

agonist muscles in concentric contraction

76
Q

tension length relationship

A

optimum length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension is generally slightly longer than the resting length of that muscle

77
Q

relationship to angle of pull in length tension relationship

A

physiological advantage

90 degree angle of pull

78
Q

force velocity relationship concentric contraction

A

as speed of a muscular contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases, as the speed of the contraction decreases, more force can be exerted

79
Q

what do both muscle and tendon posses

A

elastic properties

80
Q

what happens when concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of active stretching

A

elastic energy stored in the stretch phase is available for use in the contractile phase

81
Q

movers or agnonists

A

directly responsible for producing movement

82
Q

prime movers

A

large impact on movement

83
Q

assistant movers

A

only help when needed

84
Q

contralateral muscle

A

antagonist

opposite side of joint

85
Q

stabilizing muscles

A

fixators, support

86
Q

true synergy

A

joint stabilization
antagonist
two joint muscles

87
Q

helping synergy

A

joint movement
agonist
one joint or two joint muslces

88
Q

synergists

A

cooperative muscle function

stablizing, fixator and support muscles

89
Q

neutralizers

A

prevent undesired action

90
Q

antagonists

A

have an effect opposite to that of movers, or agonists

91
Q

2 things antagonists do

A

relax to permit movement

act as a brake at completion of movement

92
Q

cocontraction

A

simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists

93
Q

what do neutralizers and stabilizers need

A

cocontract to counteract the additional function of a mover

94
Q

is spurt or shunt muscle more active

A

spurt

95
Q

spurt muscle

A

rotary

96
Q

shunt muscle

A

stabilizing

97
Q

origin 1 > insertion 1

A

spurt

98
Q

origin 2 < insertion 2

A

shunt

99
Q

pulley action

A

transmits tension from one muscle to the opposite muscle

100
Q

2 major advantages of two joint muscle

A

ability to exert force without losing tension

can exert tension without shortening due to pulley action of tendons

101
Q

action of bi-articular muscles

A

muscles that pass over and act on two joints
whether muscles flex joints in the same direction or opposite directions, they are not long enough to permit complete movement in both joints at the same time
resulting tension in one muscle is transmitted to the other

102
Q

what can bi articular muscles do

A

continue to exert tension without shortening

103
Q

concurrent movement

A

same action occurs at both joints of the two joint muscle

104
Q

counterconcurrent movement

A

opposite action occurs at both joints of the two joint muscle

105
Q

example of concurrent movement

A

hip extension and knee extension

106
Q

example of counterconcurrent movement

A

hip flexion and knee extension

107
Q

concurrent action

A

no net change in length of either muslce

108
Q

countercurrent action

A

one muscle shortens at both joints as the antagonists lengthens correspondingly and thereby gains tension at both ends

109
Q

ballistic movement

A

movements that are initiated by vigorous contraction and completed by momentum

110
Q

example of ballistic movement

A

throwing, striking, kicking

111
Q

what should you do in the early stages of learning ballistic movement

A

concentrate on form rather than accuracy

112
Q

3ways termination of ballistic action occurs

A

by contracting antagonist muscle
by passive resistance of ligaments or other tissues at limits of motion
by the interference of an obstacle

113
Q

example of contracting antagonist muscles

A

forehand drive in tennis

114
Q

example of passive resistance of ligaments or other tissues at limits of motion

A

throwing motion

115
Q

example of interference of an obstacle

A

chopping wood

116
Q

methods of studying actions of muscle

A 
conjecture &amp; reasoning
dissection
inspection &amp; palpation
models &amp; gadgets
muscle stimulation
electromyography (EMG)
117
Q

conjecture & reasoning

A

using an educated guess

118
Q

dissection

A

meaningful basis for visualization of muscle’s potential movement

119
Q

inspection & palpation

A

valuable method for superficial muscles

120
Q

models

A

used for demonstration

121
Q

muscle stimulation

A

contraction of individual muscles

uses outside source of electrical stimulation

122
Q

electromyography

A

based on the fact that contracting muscles generate electrical impules
reveals both intensity and duration of muscle activity
cannot indicate nature of contraction or muscle action

123
Q

if angle of attachment is very shallow,

A

most of the tendon will produce a force alone the bone

124
Q

if angle of attachment is fairly large

A

will have a much larger rotary component of force

125
Q

what happens if angle of attachment has many muscles

in many muscles

A

the angle changes throughout ROM

what muscle generates tension at 90 degree angle to the bone, it i the most efficient at producing joint motion

Kinesiology (9 decks)

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