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Kinesiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

flexion

A

any movements resulting in a decrease in a joint angle

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2
Q

extension

A

any movement resulting in an increase of a joint angle

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3
Q

hyperextension

A

movement of any joint’t normal position of extension or anatomical position

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4
Q

pronation

A

palm-down position of the hands by movement at the radio-ulnar joint

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5
Q

supination

A

palm-up position of the hands by movement of the radio-ulnar joint

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6
Q

dorsiflexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint causing the sole of the foot to go upward

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7
Q

plantarflexion

A

Movement at the ankle joint causing the sole of the foot to go downward.

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8
Q

inversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot medially

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9
Q

eversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot laterally or outward.

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10
Q

diagonal abduction

A

Movement of a limb through a diagonal plane across and away from the midline of the body

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11
Q

diagonal adduction

A

Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane across and toward the midline of the body

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12
Q

elevation

A

Upward movement of the entire scapula

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13
Q

depression

A

Downward movement of the entire scapula

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14
Q

upward rotation

A

Rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward

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15
Q

downward rotation

A

Rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward

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16
Q

retraction

A

Backward movement of the scapula toward the midline of the body.

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17
Q

protraction

A

Forward movement of the scapula; away from the midline

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18
Q

abduction

A

Movement of a body part or limb away from the midline

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19
Q

adduction

A

Movement of a body part or limb toward the body midline

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20
Q

horizontal adduction

transverse flexion

A

Movement of an upper limb through the transverse plane at shoulder level and toward the midline of the body.

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21
Q

horizontal abduction

transverse extension

A

Movement of an upper limb through the transverse plane at shoulder level and away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

lateral flexion

A

Movement of the head and/or trunk laterally away from the midline of the body

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23
Q

kinesiology

A

Study concerning the anatomical and mechanical bases of human movement related specifically to sport, dance, and adaptive activities

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24
Q

biomechanics

A

Involves the application of physical laws to movement.

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25
Q

what is biomechanics used in

A

human movement

sport application

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26
Q

2 categories of mechanics

A

statics

dynamics

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27
Q

statics

A

study of factors associated with non-moving systems

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28
Q

dynamics

A

study of factors associated with systems in motion.

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29
Q

kinematics

A

study of time and space factors of motion of a system

speed, velocity, acceleration

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30
Q

kinetics

A

study of forces acting on a body that influences its motion

force, energy, impulse, momentum

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31
Q

movement

A

Created by muscle pull (not push)
Muscle or tendon must cross the joint in order for movement to occur.
Movement exists only at the joint crossed by the muscle or tendon.

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32
Q

muscle action

A

Muscles act in pairs
Agonist; Contract; Innervated
Antagonist; Relax; Inhibited

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33
Q

concentric contraction

A

tension while muscle is shortening

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34
Q

eccentric contraction

A

tension while muscle is lengthening

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35
Q

example of concentric contration

A

bicep curl during flexion. Uses elbow flexor muscles

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36
Q

example of eccentric contraction

A

bicep curl during extension or return to starting position.

Lengthening under tension and uses the same muscles as does concentric flexion. Uses elbow flexor muscles

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37
Q

origin

A

stable end of attachment

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38
Q

insertion

A

moving end of the muscle or greater ROM

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39
Q

proximal

A

close the trunk of the body

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40
Q

distal

A

farther from trunk of the body

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41
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the trunk

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42
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the trunk

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43
Q

3 major areas of study of kinesiology

A

mechanics (biomechanics)
anatomy (muscoskeletal anatomy)
physiology (neuromuscular physiology)

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44
Q

what does every structure that participates in movement of the body follow

A

physical and physiological principles

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45
Q

reason to study kinesiology

A

to improve performance
analyze movements of the human body
understand principles regarding human motion

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46
Q

knowledge from kinesiology should promote performance with regard to

A

safety
effectiveness
efficiency

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47
Q

safety

A

structure movements to avoid doing harm to the body

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48
Q

effectiveness

A

success or failure of meeting goals of performance

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49
Q

efficiency

A

striving to achieve movement goal with least amount of effort

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50
Q

contraction

A

muscle exerts tension to create or allow movement

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51
Q

if muscle is shortening what happens

A

both ends shorten toward the center

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52
Q

continuous motor skill

A

cyclic in nature, no beginning or ending

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53
Q

simultaneous motion

A

segments move as one
push-pull
motion is directed along a straight line

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54
Q

sequential motion

A

segments move in an orderly sequence
throwing, striking
used to obtain maximum speed at impact of release

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55
Q

what should you focus on with errors

A

the cause of the error not the symptoms

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56
Q

musculoskeletal system as a lever system

A

rigid bar- bone
fulcrum- joint
force- muscle
resistance- weight

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57
Q

musculoskeletal framework

A

arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles
acts as a lever system
anatomical lever
force- weight or gravity

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58
Q

what do lever systems allow

A

a great number of coordinated movements

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59
Q

anatomical lever

A

bone that engages in movement when force is applied to it

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60
Q

how do muscles produce motion

A

by shortening

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61
Q

three classes of levers

A 
class 1 FAR
class 2 ARF
class 3 AFR
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62
Q

what are most lever systems in the body

A

class 3

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63
Q

axial

A

skull, sprinal column, sternum, ribs

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64
Q

appendicular

A

upper extremity
lower extremity
pelvis

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65
Q

upper extreemity

A

scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, hand

66
Q

lower extremity

A

pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, ankle, foot

67
Q

pelvis

A

links sacral vertebrae and femur

three fused bones illium, ishium, pubis

68
Q

functions of the skeleton

A 
protect vital organs
support soft tissue
make red blood cells
reservoir of minerals
provide attachment site for muscles
act as levers to protect movement
69
Q

bone classification

A

long, short, flat, irregular

70
Q

long bone

A

shaft or body with medullary canal and relatively broad, knobby ends
femur, tibia

71
Q

short bone

A

relativley small, chunky, solid

carpals and tarsals

72
Q

flat bone

A

flat and plate like

sternum, scapulae

73
Q

irregular bone

A

bones of spinal column

74
Q

mechanical axis of bone

A

straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end
may lie outside of shaft

75
Q

skeletal changes

A

growth

degeneration

76
Q

growth of bones

A

osteogenesis
initial matrix
osteoblasts form bone on matrix
bone forms in response to loading stress

77
Q

degeneration of bone

A

osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the absence of stress

bone become more porous and brittle, osteoporosis

78
Q

2 bone types

A

compact

cancellous

79
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer bone

80
Q

cancellous bone

A

open, spongy looking inner bone

81
Q

what is bone growth affected by

A

stesses
nutrition
injury
disease

82
Q

stresses on bone

A

compression
tensile
shear
torision

83
Q

joint structure

A 
hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
articular capsule
ligaments
tendons
84
Q

characteristics of diarthrosis

A 
articular cavity
ligamentous capsule
synovial membrane
surfaces are smooth
surfaces covered with cartilage
85
Q

muscle attachment

A

tendinous

fibrous

86
Q

tendinous muscle attachment

A

attach to bone by tendons
serves to concentrate muscle force
can change angle of pull depending on joint angle

87
Q

fibrous muscle attachment

A

attach directly to periosteum of bone

88
Q

joint stabilty

A 
bony structure
ligaments
muscle and tendons
fascia and skin
atmospheric pressure
89
Q

properties of articular connective tissue

A

exercise improves tensile strength
both tendons and ligaments are elastic
either may become plastic if stretched past the elastic limit

90
Q

structural classification

A

based on presence or absence of a joint cavity

further classified by shape or nature of tissues that connect the bones

91
Q

diathrosis

A

there is a seperation or joint cavity
freely moveable joints
most common in study of human motion

92
Q

synarthrosis characteristics

A

no articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane, or synovial fluid
in 2nd type, bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
in 3rd type not a true joint, but is a ligamentous connection between bones

93
Q

cartiligous joint

synarthrosis

A

united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions

94
Q

fibrous joint

synarthrosis

A

edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted

95
Q

ligamentous joints

synarthrosis

A

two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type

96
Q

irregular joint

diarthrosis

A

irreglar surfaces, flat or slightly curved, permits gliding movement

97
Q

hinge joint

diarthrosis

A

convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/ extension

98
Q

pivot joint

diarthrosis

A

a peg like pivot, permits rotation

99
Q

condyloid joint

diarthrosis

A

oval or egg shaped, convex surface fits into a reiprocal concave surface, biaxial permits flex/ext, ab/adduction, circumduction

100
Q

ball and socket

diarthrosis

A

head of one bone fits into the cup of the other bone

101
Q

6 classes of diarthrodial joints

A 
irregular nonaxial 0p
hinge uniaxial 1p
pivot uniaxial 1p
condyloid biaxial 2p
saddle biaxial 2p
ball and socket triaxial 3p
102
Q

saddle

diarthrosis

A

modification of condyloid, both surdaces are convex and concave, biaxial, permits flex/ext, ab/adduction, circumduction

103
Q

exammple of gliding diarthrodial joint

A

carpals, tarsals

104
Q

example hinge diarthrodial joint

A

elbow, knee

105
Q

example pivot diarthrodial joint

A

atlantoaxial, radioulnar

106
Q

example condyloid diarthrodial joint

A

wrist, carpometacarpal

107
Q

example saddle diarthrodial joint

A

thumb

108
Q

example ball and socket diarthrodial joint

A

hip, shoulder

109
Q

what is the function of joints

A

provide a means of moving, or rather of being moved

110
Q

secondary functions of joints

A

provide stability without interfering with the desired motions

111
Q

emerson’s law

A

for everthing that is given, something is taken

112
Q

what is gained at the expense of stability

A

movement

113
Q

what enhances stability

A

bone structure of joint
ligament and muscular arrangement around joint
fascia and skin
atmospheric pressure

114
Q

ligaments

A

strong, flexible, stress-resistant somewhat elastic fibrous tissues that form bands or cords

115
Q

what do ligaments joint

A

bone to bone

116
Q

what do ligaments help maintain

A

relationship to bone

117
Q

what do ligaments resist

A

movements for which a joint is not constructed for

118
Q

what happens to a ligament when subjected to prolonged stress

A

stretching, function is affected

119
Q

how do muscles aid in stability

A

by spanning the joint, especially when bony structure contributes little to stability

120
Q

fascia

A

fibrous connective tissue, may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets,

121
Q

what can cause stretching in fascia

A

intense or prolonged stress

122
Q

range of motion

A

joint specific

individual specific

123
Q

3 factors that affect the stability of a joint also related to ROM

A

shape of articular surfaces
restraining effect of ligaments
muscles and tendons

124
Q

most important factor that affects the stability of a joint also related to ROM

A

muscles and tendons

125
Q

what should flexibility not exceed

A

muscle’s ability to maintain integrity of joint

126
Q

factors that affect ROM

A 
bulk
gender
body build
heredity
occupation
exercise
fitness
age
injury or disease
127
Q

how to asses ROM

A

goniometer
leighton flexometer
elgon
film analysis

128
Q

what do you measure for ROM

A

degree from starting position to its maximal movement

129
Q

gonimeter

A

axis placed directly over center of joint, one arm held stationary, other help to moving segment

130
Q

videotape assesment

A

joint centers are marked to be visible in projected motion
joint angle can be taken from images
segment action must occur in picture plane

131
Q

how to improve ROM

A

static stretching
ballistic stretching
PNF stretching

132
Q

PNF

A

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

133
Q

interrelationship stability and mobility

A

not mutually exclusive
weight lifting
for joint instability

134
Q

weight lifting

A

high weight, low reps

low weight, high reps

135
Q

joint stability

A

weight training with limited ROM

high intensity, low repetition workout

136
Q

advantage of diagonal line of pull

A

transfer force distally
slows down follow through
allows maximum angular momentum

137
Q

axis of rotation

A

imaginary line passing through joint

movement occurs in a plane around an axis of rotation

138
Q

three axis of rotation

A

vertical - longitudinal
frontal- bilateral, horizontal, r/l
sagittal- ant/post

139
Q

center of gravity

A

imaginary point representing the weight center of an object

140
Q

line of gravity

A

imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity

141
Q

axis of motion

A

bilateral
anteroposterior
vertical

142
Q

bilateral axis of motion

A

axis passes horizontal from side to side, perpendicular to sagittal plane

143
Q

anteroposterior

A

axis passes horizontal from front to back, perpendicular to frontal plane

144
Q

vertical

A

axis is perpendicular to the ground and transverse plane

145
Q

where does rotation occur

A

in a plane and around an axis

146
Q

what is axis of movement

A

always at a right angles to the plane in which it occurs

147
Q

movement in sagittal plane about a bilateral axis

A

tipping head forward

raising forearm straight up

148
Q

movements in frontal plane about an AP axis

A

abduction
adduction
lateral flexion

149
Q

movement transverse plane about a vertical axis

A

rotation left and right
lateral and medial rotation
supination and pronation

150
Q

circumduction

A

whole segment describes a cone

151
Q

system for classification of motor skills

A

maintaining erect posture
movement for exercise and fitness
giving motion
receiving impact

152
Q

giving motion

A

to external objects

to one’s own body

153
Q

giving motion to external objects

A

pushing and pulling
lifting and carrying
punching
throwing, striking, and kicking

154
Q

giving motion to one’s own body

A

supported by the ground or other resistant surface
suspended and free of support
supported by water

155
Q

example of supported by the ground or other resistant surface

A

locomotion on foot
locomotion on wheels, blades, and runners
rotary locomotion

156
Q

example of suspended and free of support

A

swinging activities in trapeze, flying rings
hand traveling on traveling rings or horizontal ladder
unsupported, projected into or falling through air
weightlessness

157
Q

example of supported by water

A

swimming
aquatic stunts
boating

158
Q

receiving impact

A

from one’s own body in landing from a jump or fall

from external objects in catching, trapping, spotting, or intercepting

159
Q

osteoblasts

A

builds bone

160
Q

osteoclasts

A

tears bone down

Kinesiology (9 decks)

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