Unit 1 Flashcards
flexion
any movements resulting in a decrease in a joint angle
extension
any movement resulting in an increase of a joint angle
hyperextension
movement of any joint’t normal position of extension or anatomical position
pronation
palm-down position of the hands by movement at the radio-ulnar joint
supination
palm-up position of the hands by movement of the radio-ulnar joint
dorsiflexion
Movement at the ankle joint causing the sole of the foot to go upward
plantarflexion
Movement at the ankle joint causing the sole of the foot to go downward.
inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot medially
eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot laterally or outward.
diagonal abduction
Movement of a limb through a diagonal plane across and away from the midline of the body
diagonal adduction
Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane across and toward the midline of the body
elevation
Upward movement of the entire scapula
depression
Downward movement of the entire scapula
upward rotation
Rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward
downward rotation
Rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward
retraction
Backward movement of the scapula toward the midline of the body.
protraction
Forward movement of the scapula; away from the midline
abduction
Movement of a body part or limb away from the midline
adduction
Movement of a body part or limb toward the body midline
horizontal adduction
transverse flexion
Movement of an upper limb through the transverse plane at shoulder level and toward the midline of the body.
horizontal abduction
transverse extension
Movement of an upper limb through the transverse plane at shoulder level and away from the midline of the body
lateral flexion
Movement of the head and/or trunk laterally away from the midline of the body
kinesiology
Study concerning the anatomical and mechanical bases of human movement related specifically to sport, dance, and adaptive activities
biomechanics
Involves the application of physical laws to movement.
what is biomechanics used in
human movement
sport application
2 categories of mechanics
statics
dynamics
statics
study of factors associated with non-moving systems
dynamics
study of factors associated with systems in motion.
kinematics
study of time and space factors of motion of a system
speed, velocity, acceleration
kinetics
study of forces acting on a body that influences its motion
force, energy, impulse, momentum
movement
Created by muscle pull (not push)
Muscle or tendon must cross the joint in order for movement to occur.
Movement exists only at the joint crossed by the muscle or tendon.
muscle action
Muscles act in pairs
Agonist; Contract; Innervated
Antagonist; Relax; Inhibited
concentric contraction
tension while muscle is shortening
eccentric contraction
tension while muscle is lengthening
example of concentric contration
bicep curl during flexion. Uses elbow flexor muscles
example of eccentric contraction
bicep curl during extension or return to starting position.
Lengthening under tension and uses the same muscles as does concentric flexion. Uses elbow flexor muscles
origin
stable end of attachment
insertion
moving end of the muscle or greater ROM
proximal
close the trunk of the body
distal
farther from trunk of the body
medial
toward the midline of the trunk
lateral
away from the midline of the trunk
3 major areas of study of kinesiology
mechanics (biomechanics)
anatomy (muscoskeletal anatomy)
physiology (neuromuscular physiology)
what does every structure that participates in movement of the body follow
physical and physiological principles
reason to study kinesiology
to improve performance
analyze movements of the human body
understand principles regarding human motion
knowledge from kinesiology should promote performance with regard to
safety
effectiveness
efficiency
safety
structure movements to avoid doing harm to the body
effectiveness
success or failure of meeting goals of performance
efficiency
striving to achieve movement goal with least amount of effort
contraction
muscle exerts tension to create or allow movement
if muscle is shortening what happens
both ends shorten toward the center
continuous motor skill
cyclic in nature, no beginning or ending
simultaneous motion
segments move as one
push-pull
motion is directed along a straight line
sequential motion
segments move in an orderly sequence
throwing, striking
used to obtain maximum speed at impact of release
what should you focus on with errors
the cause of the error not the symptoms
musculoskeletal system as a lever system
rigid bar- bone
fulcrum- joint
force- muscle
resistance- weight
musculoskeletal framework
arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles
acts as a lever system
anatomical lever
force- weight or gravity
what do lever systems allow
a great number of coordinated movements
anatomical lever
bone that engages in movement when force is applied to it
how do muscles produce motion
by shortening
three classes of levers
class 1 FAR class 2 ARF class 3 AFR
what are most lever systems in the body
class 3
axial
skull, sprinal column, sternum, ribs
appendicular
upper extremity
lower extremity
pelvis
upper extreemity
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, hand
lower extremity
pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, ankle, foot
pelvis
links sacral vertebrae and femur
three fused bones illium, ishium, pubis
functions of the skeleton
protect vital organs support soft tissue make red blood cells reservoir of minerals provide attachment site for muscles act as levers to protect movement
bone classification
long, short, flat, irregular
long bone
shaft or body with medullary canal and relatively broad, knobby ends
femur, tibia
short bone
relativley small, chunky, solid
carpals and tarsals
flat bone
flat and plate like
sternum, scapulae
irregular bone
bones of spinal column
mechanical axis of bone
straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end
may lie outside of shaft
skeletal changes
growth
degeneration
growth of bones
osteogenesis
initial matrix
osteoblasts form bone on matrix
bone forms in response to loading stress
degeneration of bone
osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the absence of stress
bone become more porous and brittle, osteoporosis
2 bone types
compact
cancellous
compact bone
dense outer bone
cancellous bone
open, spongy looking inner bone
what is bone growth affected by
stesses
nutrition
injury
disease
stresses on bone
compression
tensile
shear
torision
joint structure
hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage synovial membrane synovial fluid articular capsule ligaments tendons
characteristics of diarthrosis
articular cavity ligamentous capsule synovial membrane surfaces are smooth surfaces covered with cartilage
muscle attachment
tendinous
fibrous
tendinous muscle attachment
attach to bone by tendons
serves to concentrate muscle force
can change angle of pull depending on joint angle
fibrous muscle attachment
attach directly to periosteum of bone
joint stabilty
bony structure ligaments muscle and tendons fascia and skin atmospheric pressure
properties of articular connective tissue
exercise improves tensile strength
both tendons and ligaments are elastic
either may become plastic if stretched past the elastic limit
structural classification
based on presence or absence of a joint cavity
further classified by shape or nature of tissues that connect the bones
diathrosis
there is a seperation or joint cavity
freely moveable joints
most common in study of human motion
synarthrosis characteristics
no articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane, or synovial fluid
in 2nd type, bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
in 3rd type not a true joint, but is a ligamentous connection between bones
cartiligous joint
synarthrosis
united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions
fibrous joint
synarthrosis
edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted
ligamentous joints
synarthrosis
two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type
irregular joint
diarthrosis
irreglar surfaces, flat or slightly curved, permits gliding movement
hinge joint
diarthrosis
convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/ extension
pivot joint
diarthrosis
a peg like pivot, permits rotation
condyloid joint
diarthrosis
oval or egg shaped, convex surface fits into a reiprocal concave surface, biaxial permits flex/ext, ab/adduction, circumduction
ball and socket
diarthrosis
head of one bone fits into the cup of the other bone
6 classes of diarthrodial joints
irregular nonaxial 0p hinge uniaxial 1p pivot uniaxial 1p condyloid biaxial 2p saddle biaxial 2p ball and socket triaxial 3p
saddle
diarthrosis
modification of condyloid, both surdaces are convex and concave, biaxial, permits flex/ext, ab/adduction, circumduction
exammple of gliding diarthrodial joint
carpals, tarsals
example hinge diarthrodial joint
elbow, knee
example pivot diarthrodial joint
atlantoaxial, radioulnar
example condyloid diarthrodial joint
wrist, carpometacarpal
example saddle diarthrodial joint
thumb
example ball and socket diarthrodial joint
hip, shoulder
what is the function of joints
provide a means of moving, or rather of being moved
secondary functions of joints
provide stability without interfering with the desired motions
emerson’s law
for everthing that is given, something is taken
what is gained at the expense of stability
movement
what enhances stability
bone structure of joint
ligament and muscular arrangement around joint
fascia and skin
atmospheric pressure
ligaments
strong, flexible, stress-resistant somewhat elastic fibrous tissues that form bands or cords
what do ligaments joint
bone to bone
what do ligaments help maintain
relationship to bone
what do ligaments resist
movements for which a joint is not constructed for
what happens to a ligament when subjected to prolonged stress
stretching, function is affected
how do muscles aid in stability
by spanning the joint, especially when bony structure contributes little to stability
fascia
fibrous connective tissue, may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets,
what can cause stretching in fascia
intense or prolonged stress
range of motion
joint specific
individual specific
3 factors that affect the stability of a joint also related to ROM
shape of articular surfaces
restraining effect of ligaments
muscles and tendons
most important factor that affects the stability of a joint also related to ROM
muscles and tendons
what should flexibility not exceed
muscle’s ability to maintain integrity of joint
factors that affect ROM
bulk gender body build heredity occupation exercise fitness age injury or disease
how to asses ROM
goniometer
leighton flexometer
elgon
film analysis
what do you measure for ROM
degree from starting position to its maximal movement
gonimeter
axis placed directly over center of joint, one arm held stationary, other help to moving segment
videotape assesment
joint centers are marked to be visible in projected motion
joint angle can be taken from images
segment action must occur in picture plane
how to improve ROM
static stretching
ballistic stretching
PNF stretching
PNF
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
interrelationship stability and mobility
not mutually exclusive
weight lifting
for joint instability
weight lifting
high weight, low reps
low weight, high reps
joint stability
weight training with limited ROM
high intensity, low repetition workout
advantage of diagonal line of pull
transfer force distally
slows down follow through
allows maximum angular momentum
axis of rotation
imaginary line passing through joint
movement occurs in a plane around an axis of rotation
three axis of rotation
vertical - longitudinal
frontal- bilateral, horizontal, r/l
sagittal- ant/post
center of gravity
imaginary point representing the weight center of an object
line of gravity
imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity
axis of motion
bilateral
anteroposterior
vertical
bilateral axis of motion
axis passes horizontal from side to side, perpendicular to sagittal plane
anteroposterior
axis passes horizontal from front to back, perpendicular to frontal plane
vertical
axis is perpendicular to the ground and transverse plane
where does rotation occur
in a plane and around an axis
what is axis of movement
always at a right angles to the plane in which it occurs
movement in sagittal plane about a bilateral axis
tipping head forward
raising forearm straight up
movements in frontal plane about an AP axis
abduction
adduction
lateral flexion
movement transverse plane about a vertical axis
rotation left and right
lateral and medial rotation
supination and pronation
circumduction
whole segment describes a cone
system for classification of motor skills
maintaining erect posture
movement for exercise and fitness
giving motion
receiving impact
giving motion
to external objects
to one’s own body
giving motion to external objects
pushing and pulling
lifting and carrying
punching
throwing, striking, and kicking
giving motion to one’s own body
supported by the ground or other resistant surface
suspended and free of support
supported by water
example of supported by the ground or other resistant surface
locomotion on foot
locomotion on wheels, blades, and runners
rotary locomotion
example of suspended and free of support
swinging activities in trapeze, flying rings
hand traveling on traveling rings or horizontal ladder
unsupported, projected into or falling through air
weightlessness
example of supported by water
swimming
aquatic stunts
boating
receiving impact
from one’s own body in landing from a jump or fall
from external objects in catching, trapping, spotting, or intercepting
osteoblasts
builds bone
osteoclasts
tears bone down
