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CfE Higher Human > Unit 2 - Physiology & Health > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Physiology & Health Flashcards

1
Q

Testes

A

Site of sperm production

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2
Q

Ovaries

A

Site of egg (ova) production

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3
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell

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4
Q

Germline cells

A

Cells present in testes/ovaries from which gametes arise

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5
Q

Sperm

A

The male gamete

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6
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Tiny tubes in the testes where sperm cells are produced

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7
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Cells situated between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone

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8
Q

Testosterone

A

Male hormone which stimulates sperm production and activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles

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9
Q

Prostate gland and Seminal Vesicles

A

Secretes fluid containing enzymes which keep semen at optimum viscosity and helps to maintain the motility and viability of sperm.

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10
Q

Ovum

A

The female gamete

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11
Q

Follicle

A

Surrounds each ovum, provides protection and releases hormones

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12
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of the male and female gamete nuclei

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13
Q

Oviduct

A

Site of fertilisation in female body

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14
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell

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15
Q

Puberty

A

Onset of sperm production in males, egg production in females

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16
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland which produces many hormones, e.g. FSH/LH/ICSH

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Endocrine gland which secretes a releaser hormone

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18
Q

Releaser hormone

A

Stimulates the pituitary gland

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19
Q

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

A

Hormone which promotes sperm production in males and, in females, stimulates follicle maturation and stimulates ovary tissue to secrete oestrogen

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20
Q

LH (Luteinising Hormone)

A

Hormone which triggers ovulation, brings about development of the corpus luteum and causes it to produce progesterone

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21
Q

ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone)

A

Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

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22
Q

Negative Feedback control

A

A self-regulating mechanism by which an elevated concentration of a hormone will inhibit further secretion of that hormone

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23
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Synchronised series of events that leads to menstruation on day 1.

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24
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner lining of the uterus. Site of blastocyst implantation

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25
Q

Oestrogen

A

Female hormone. Stimulates proliferation of endometrium

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26
Q

Progesterone

A

Female hormone. Promotes development and vascularisation of the endometrium

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27
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Formed from degeneration of the follicle in the Luteal phase. Secretes progesterone

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28
Q

Follicular phase

A

Days 1-14 where follicle develops until ovulation occurs

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29
Q

Luteal phase

A

Days 15-28 of menstrual cycle. Corpus luteum is present in ovary

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30
Q

Blastocyst implantation

A

Where tiny ball of cells becomes attached to the endometrium

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31
Q

Menstruation

A

Lack of progesterone leads to shedding of the endometrium

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32
Q

Infertility

A

The inability to conceive children

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33
Q

Fertile period

A

The period of fertility in females, usually 1-2 days after ovulation

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34
Q

Cyclical fertility

A

Egg cells in females are produced during the short period of fertility within the menstrual cycle

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35
Q

Continuous fertility

A

Sperm cells in males are produced at a constant rate

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36
Q

Ovulatory drugs

A

Drugs which mimic the action of FSH/LH or prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH production

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37
Q

Super ovulation

A

Ovulation of multiple ova together, can cause multiple births

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38
Q

IVF (In vitro fertilisation)

A

Fertility treatment that enables fertilisation to occur outside of the body in a culture dish

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39
Q

PGD (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis)

A

Specific test used to check for the presence of a known chromosomal or gene defect

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40
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Insertion of several samples of semen, collected over time, into the female reproductive tract by means other than sexual intercourse

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41
Q

Sterility

A

The inability to produce gametes

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42
Q

ICSI (Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection)

A

Procedure where a healthy sperm cell is injected directly into an egg to bring about fertilisation

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43
Q

Contraception

A

The intentional prevention of pregnancy or conception by natural or artificial means

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44
Q

Physical contraception

A

A device that physically blocks the ability of sperm to reach an ovum, e.g. condom, IUD

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45
Q

Chemical contraception

A

Oral pill containing a combination of synthetic hormones that mimic negative feedback, preventing the release of FSH/LH

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46
Q

Oral contraceptive pill

A

Contains synthetic progesterone and oestrogen administered by a pill taken each day for three weeks

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47
Q

Morning-after pill

A

Emergency hormonal contraceptive pills prevent or delay ovulation.

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48
Q

Antenatal screening

A

Prenatal (before birth) tests employed to identify the risk of the foetus inheriting a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality

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49
Q

Ultrasound imaging

A

A computer image produced by bouncing high frequency sounds off a foetus through the mother’s abdomen

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50
Q

Dating scan

A

Ultrasound imaging carried out 8-14 weeks of pregnancy to determine due date

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51
Q

Anomaly scan

A

Ultrasound imaging carried out at 18-20 weeks pregnancy to check for serious physical abnormalities in the foetus

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52
Q

Marker chemicals

A

Chemicals which, if present in mother’s blood or urine, allow professionals to determine the risk of foetal chromosomal abnormalities. Can lead to a false positive result

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53
Q

Screening test

A

A test which detects sign and symptoms of a condition to allow risk factor to be calculated

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54
Q

Diagnostic testing

A

A definitive test that establishes without doubt whether or not a person/foetus is suffering a specific disorder

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55
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Diagnostic test carried out at 14-16 weeks pregnancy to withdraw foetal cells from amniotic fluid for genetic testing

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56
Q

CVS (Chorionic villus sampling)

A

Diagnostic test carried out from 8 weeks pregnancy, taking a sample of placental cells for genetic testing

57
Q

Karyotype

A

A visual display of a person’s complete chromosome complement. Can be produced from amniocentesis and CVS

58
Q

Rhesus antibody testing

A

A test carried out to determine whether a mother has a Rhesus-negative blood type so that anti-Rhesus antibodies may be administered

59
Q

Postnatal screening

A

Postnatal (after birth) tests employed to identify whether the foetus has inherited a metabolic disorder

60
Q

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

A

A metabolic disorder where an individual has excess levels of phenylalanine which can cause mental deficiencies

61
Q

Inborn error of metabolism

A

A disorder caused by a genetic mutation or abnormality that affects a specific metabolic pathway, usually by the absence of an essential enzyme

62
Q

artery

A

Type of blood vessel. Has a thick muscular layer, withstands high pressure.

63
Q

capillary

A

Smallest blood vessel. Wall is only one cell thick.

64
Q

vein

A

Type of blood vessel. Contains valves and has a thin muscular layer.

65
Q

valves

A

Structures which prevent the backflow of blood at low pressure in veins.

66
Q

arterioles

A

Small arteries.

67
Q

venules

A

Small veins.

68
Q

central lumen

A

Central cavity of a blood vessel. Narrow in arteries, wide in veins.

69
Q

endothelium

A

Lines the central cavity of the blood vessels

70
Q

vasoconstriction

A

When the muscle in arterioles contracts, making the lumen narrower.

71
Q

vasodilation

A

When the muscle in arterioles dilates, making the lumen wider.

72
Q

pressure filtration

A

Process where high pressure in narrow capillaries causes plasma fluid to be forced out through thin walls to create tissue fluid around body cells.

73
Q

tissue fluid

A

Liquid that bathes body cells, made of plasma containing dissolved oxygen, soluble food molecules and carbon dioxide. Most tissue fluid returns to blood via osmosis.

74
Q

plasma proteins

A

The only component of blood plasma which is NOT found in tissue fluid.

75
Q

lymph vessels

A

Vessels which absorb excess tissue fluid, which becomes lymph.

76
Q

lymphatic system

A

Vast network of tiny lymph vessels which eventually return lymph fluid to the bloodstream.

77
Q

heart

A

Muscular structure consisting of four chambers; two atria and two ventricles.

78
Q

vena cava

A

Main vein which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

79
Q

pulmonary artery

A

Blood vessel which takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

80
Q

pulmonary vein

A

Blood vessel which brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

81
Q

aorta

A

Large artery which takes oxygenated blood from the heart to main arteries of the body.

82
Q

left ventricle

A

heart chamber with a thick muscular wall required to pump blood around the body with force.

83
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

Structures which prevent the backflow of blood between atria and ventricles.

84
Q

semi-lunar (SL) valves

A

Structures which prevent the backflow of blood leaving the heart via arteries.

85
Q

heart rate

A

Number of heart beats per minute.

86
Q

stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart on each contraction of a ventricle.

87
Q

cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. CO=HRxSV.

88
Q

pulsometer

A

Equipment used to measure pulse rate.

89
Q

cardiac cycle

A

Term given to the pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart in one heartbeat.

90
Q

diastole

A

Period where blood returns to heart, heart muscle is relaxed. Higher pressure of blood in arteries causes SL valves to close. AV valves are also closed.

91
Q

atrial systole

A

Period where muscles in atrial walls contract, forcing blood into ventricles. AV valves are open and SL valves are closed.

92
Q

ventricular systole

A

Period where muscles in ventricle walls contract forcing blood out of heart. AV valves are closed and high ventricular pressure causes SL valves to open.

93
Q

conducting system

A

The system that controls the sequence of events that occurs during each heart beat.

94
Q

sino-atrial node (SAN)

A

Also known as the pacemaker, a small region of specialised tissue in the wall of the right atrium that initiates electrical impulses which control heart contraction and timing.

95
Q

atrio-ventricular node (AVN)

A

Area of tissue at the base of the atria which receives impulses from the SAN, which are passed to conducting fibres which cause simultaneous contraction of the ventricles.

96
Q

Medulla

A

Region of the brain which regulates the rate of the SAN.

97
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

Branch of the nervous system that controls organs such as the heart, under involuntary control.

98
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Pattern which shows the electrical signals generated by heart activity.

99
Q

antagonistic

A

The term which describes the opposite effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

100
Q

noradrenaline

A

The neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic accelerator nerves.

101
Q

acetylcholine

A

The neurotransmitter released by the slowing parasympathetic nerves.

102
Q

blood pressure

A

The force that the blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels.

103
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

The apparatus used to measure blood pressure

104
Q

120/70 mmHg

A

A typical reading for blood pressure in a young adult.

105
Q

hypertension

A

High blood pressure - a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and strokes.

106
Q

atheroma

A

A build-up of fatty material (mainly cholesterol) under the endothelium of an artery.

107
Q

atherosclerosis

A

The formation of atheromas/ plaques.

108
Q

lumen

A

The space within a blood vessel, through which blood flows.

109
Q

endothelium

A

The inner lining of the wall of a blood vessel.

110
Q

hardening of arteries

A

When arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity due to deposits of calcium

111
Q

thrombus

A

A blood clot caused by an atheroma which ruptures and damages the endothelium.

112
Q

thrombosis

A

The formation of a blood clot/ thrombus in a vessel.

113
Q

clotting factors

A

Chemicals released which trigger the events needed to clot blood at a wound

114
Q

prothrombin

A

Inactive blood enzyme which can be converted to thrombin.

115
Q

thrombin

A

Active enzyme which promotes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

116
Q

fibrinogen

A

A soluble plasma protein that can be converted to fibrin.

117
Q

fibrin

A

Insoluble protein threads that become interwoven to form a mesh which helps blood to clot.

118
Q

embolus

A

A thrombus that breaks loose and travels in the bloodstream.

119
Q

peripheral arteries

A

Arteries of the body, NOT including those in the heart or brain.

120
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

A narrowing of the central cavity in peripheral arteries, caused by atherosclerosis.

121
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a vein, usually in the lower leg.

122
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

An embolus which blocks a branch of the pulmonary artery.

123
Q

cholesterol

A

Substance which is produced in liver cells from saturated fats.

124
Q

statins

A

Drugs which can reduce the levels of cholesterol in the blood.

125
Q

LDL receptors

A

Receptors embedded in body cell membrane, which attach to LDL cholesterol and release the cholesterol for use inside the cell.

126
Q

low density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

Molecule which transports cholesterol from the liver to body cells.

127
Q

high density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

Molecule which transports excess cholesterol from body cells to the liver for elimination.

128
Q

high blood glucose levels

A

The cause of endothelium cells (which line blood vessels) absorbing more glucose than normal, damaging blood vessels.

129
Q

pancreatic receptors

A

Receptors which detect high blood glucose levels causing insulin to be produced.

130
Q

insulin

A

Activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver. Lowers blood glucose concentration.

131
Q

glucagon

A

Activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Raises blood glucose.

132
Q

adrenaline

A

Hormone released by adrenal glands which stimulated glucagon secretion, raising blood glucose levels during exercise and fight or flight responses.

133
Q

diabetes

A

A disorder characterised by high blood glucose concentrations.

134
Q

glucose tolerance test

A

The test carried out to diagnose diabetes.

135
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Type of diabetes which usually occurs in childhood and is treated using regular doses of insulin. Individual does not produce insulin.

136
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

Type of diabetes which usually develops later in life and is controlled by exercise and diet control. The individual’s cells are less responsive to insulin as there may be a decreased number or insulin receptors.

137
Q

obesity

A

A condition characterised by the accumulation of excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue (muscle). BMI greater than 30.

138
Q

BMI

A

Body Mass Index is calculated by dividing body mass (kg) by height2 (m).

CfE Higher Human (3 decks)

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