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CfE Higher Human > Unit 1 - Human Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Human Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic cells

A

The name given to any cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction.

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2
Q

Germline cells

A

Cells that are gametes, egg and sperm. Can divide to form gametes.

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Form of cell division that maintains the diploid chromosome number.

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

Form of cell division that produces haploid gametes.

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which a cell expresses certain genes. Other genes remain switched off.

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6
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialised cell which can be taken either from embryos or adult tissues. Involved in growth, repair and renewal.

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7
Q

Pluripotent

A

Stem cell that has all genes switched on, so can differentiate into ANY type of cell.

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8
Q

Multipotent

A

Stem cell that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types found in that particular tissue.

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9
Q

Therapeutic use

A

Use of stem cells involving the repair of damaged or diseased tissues.

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10
Q

Research use

A

Use of stem cells to provide information on cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation or to study drug testing.

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11
Q

Tumour

A

Mass of abnormal cancer cells which have divided excessively because they do not respond to regulatory signals.

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12
Q

Secondary tumour

A

Form of tumour caused by cancer cells which spread throughout the body, after failing to attach to the original tumour.

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13
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

Basic component of DNA which consists of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a base.

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14
Q

Base

A

Molecule that can be Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine or Guanine.

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15
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Type of bond that holds base pairs together.

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17
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strand consists of two opposing DNA strands

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18
Q

3’ (Prime) end

A

The end of the DNA strand where nucleotides are added.

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19
Q

Double helix

A

The name given to the shape of DNA.

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20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to a new DNA strand during replication.

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21
Q

Primer

A

A short strand of nucleotides which binds to the 3’ end of DNA, allowing polymerase to add nucleotides.

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22
Q

Ligase

A

The enzyme responsible for joining fragments of DNA on the lagging strand.

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23
Q

Leading strand

A

The strand of DNA that is replicated continuously.

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24
Q

Lagging strand

A

The strand of DNA that is replicated in fragments.

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25
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

The amplification of DNA in DNA profiling.

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26
Q

Genotype

A

The set of genes possessed by an organism.

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27
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a gene.

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28
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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29
Q

Uracil

A

The nucleotide base that forms a complimentary base pair with Adenine in RNA.

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30
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

The name given to a chain of amino acids.

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31
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

The form of RNA involved in transcription.

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32
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

The form of RNA involved in forming a polypeptide chain in translation.

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33
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying the DNA code in a gene to form an mRNA molecule.

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34
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to mRNA

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35
Q

Primary transcript

A

The name given to the initial mRNA formed - before splicing takes place.

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36
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding regions of mRNA

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37
Q

Exons

A

Regions of mRNA that do code for a polypeptide chain.

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38
Q

RNA spicing

A

Process where introns are removed from the primary transcript and exons are joined together.

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39
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of bases on mRNA.

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40
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of bases on tRNA.

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41
Q

Attachment site

A

The point on a tRNA molecule where an amino acid is carried.

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42
Q

Start codon

A

Codon that signals where translation of the polypeptide chain should begin.

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43
Q

Stop codon

A

Codon that signals where translation of the polypeptide chain should end.

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small, spherical organelles, responsible for protein synthesis.

45
Q

Hydrogen

A

Weak bond that forms between complimentary base pairs.

46
Q

Peptide

A

Strong bond that forms between amino acids on a polypeptide chain.

47
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Process which allows several mature mRNA transcripts to arise from a single gene.

48
Q

Protein

A

Organic molecule made from a polypeptide chain.

49
Q

Amino Acid

A

Smallest subunit of a polypeptide chain.

50
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bonds that link together amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

51
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst.

52
Q

Structural Protein

A

Type of protein that is involved in the formation of tissues such as skin, hair and nails.

53
Q

Hormone

A

Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger.

54
Q

Antibody

A

Type of protein that is involved in the immune response.

55
Q

Mutation

A

A random, spontaneous change to DNA.

56
Q

Mutant

A

An organism that has suffered a mutation.

57
Q

Mutation rate

A

The frequency of mutation.

58
Q

Mutagenic agent

A

Substance that can increase the rate of mutation.

59
Q

Point mutation

A

A gene mutation which causes a change in a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain.

60
Q

Substitution

A

A gene mutation where one nucleotide base is swapped for another.

61
Q

Insertion

A

A gene mutation where an extra nucleotide base is added to the polypeptide chain.

62
Q

Deletion

A

A gene mutation where a nucleotide base is removed from the polypeptide chain.

63
Q

Splice site mutation

A

A gene mutation that occurs at the codon where an intron is cut out of the polypeptide chain. The intron may be left in the protein.

64
Q

Nucleotide sequence repeat expansion

A

A mutation involving the insertion of many copies of a codon.

65
Q

Missense

A

A substitution gene mutation which changes one amino acid in the polypeptide chain.

66
Q

Nonsense

A

A substitution gene mutation that results in the formation of a stop codon, and a shortened protein.

67
Q

Frameshift

A

An insertion or deletion gene mutation which causes ALL amino acids in the polypeptide chain to be altered.

68
Q

Chromosome structure mutation

A

A mutation that involves a change to one or more full chromosomes.

69
Q

Deletion

A

A chromosome mutation where a section of the chromosome is missing.

70
Q

Duplication

A

A chromosome mutation where a section of the chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to its homologous partner.

71
Q

Translocation

A

A chromosome mutation where a section of the chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to a chromosome in a DIFFERENT homologous pair.

72
Q

Genome

A

The entire hereditary information of an organism, encoded in its DNA.

73
Q

Genomic sequencing

A

Determination of the nucleotide base sequence for individual genes and entire genomes.

74
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Comparing sequence data using computer and statistical analyses.

75
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

The use of genome information in the choice of drugs.

76
Q

Personalised medicine

A

Selection of the most effective drugs and dosage for a patient using their individual genome sequence.

77
Q

Anabolic

A

Reactions where large molecules are built up from smaller molecules, requiring energy.

78
Q

Catabolic

A

Reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy.

79
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Integrated and controlled pathways controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes within a cell.

80
Q

Induced Fit

A

When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after the substrate binds.

81
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required for a reaction to take place.

82
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Inhibitor that binds at the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

83
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

Inhibitor that binds away from the active site, but changes the shape of the active site.

84
Q

Substrate concentration

A

Factor that can reverse competitive inhibition.

85
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Inhibition that occurs when the end product in the pathway reaches a critical concentration. Prevents further synthesis of the product.

86
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage in respiration.

87
Q

The citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate, releasing ATP, CO2 and hydrogen ions; the second stage in respiration.

88
Q

The electron transport chain

A

A series of carrier proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane; involved in the third stage of respiration.

89
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

90
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate

91
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group.

92
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Occurs during glycolysis - breakdown of 2 ATP

93
Q

Energy payoff phase

A

Occurs during glycolysis - formation of 4 ATP

94
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Enzymes that remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to coenzyme NAD, forming NADH

95
Q

ATP synthase

A

Flow of hydrogen ions across this enzyme results in the production of ATP in the electron transport chain

96
Q

Oxygen

A

Molecule known as the final hydrogen acceptor in aerobic respiration.

97
Q

Lactate

A

Compound made from pyruvate during fermentation.

98
Q

Fermentation

A

Form of respiration that proceeds when no oxygen is present, during vigorous exercise.

99
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Lack of oxygen in muscle cells which is repaid when exercise stops.

100
Q

Slow twitch

A

Type of muscle fibre that contracts slowly but can sustain contractions for longer.

101
Q

Fast twitch

A

Type of muscle fibre that contracts relatively quickly, but only over short periods.

102
Q

Endurance activities

A

Long distance running, cycling or cross -country skiing.

103
Q

Fats

A

The main storage fuel of slow twitch muscles

104
Q

Glycogen

A

The main storage fuel of fast twitch muscles

105
Q

Myoglobin

A

An oxygen-storing protein present in muscle cells.

CfE Higher Human (3 decks)

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