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CfE Higher Human > Unit 1 - Human Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Human Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic cells

A

The name given to any cell in the body other than cells involved in reproduction.

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2
Q

Germline cells

A

Cells that are gametes, egg and sperm. Can divide to form gametes.

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Form of cell division that maintains the diploid chromosome number.

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

Form of cell division that produces haploid gametes.

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which a cell expresses certain genes. Other genes remain switched off.

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6
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialised cell which can be taken either from embryos or adult tissues. Involved in growth, repair and renewal.

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7
Q

Pluripotent

A

Stem cell that has all genes switched on, so can differentiate into ANY type of cell.

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8
Q

Multipotent

A

Stem cell that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types found in that particular tissue.

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9
Q

Therapeutic use

A

Use of stem cells involving the repair of damaged or diseased tissues.

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10
Q

Research use

A

Use of stem cells to provide information on cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation or to study drug testing.

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11
Q

Tumour

A

Mass of abnormal cancer cells which have divided excessively because they do not respond to regulatory signals.

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12
Q

Secondary tumour

A

Form of tumour caused by cancer cells which spread throughout the body, after failing to attach to the original tumour.

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13
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

Basic component of DNA which consists of a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a base.

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14
Q

Base

A

Molecule that can be Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine or Guanine.

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15
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Type of bond that holds base pairs together.

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17
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strand consists of two opposing DNA strands

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18
Q

3’ (Prime) end

A

The end of the DNA strand where nucleotides are added.

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19
Q

Double helix

A

The name given to the shape of DNA.

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20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to a new DNA strand during replication.

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21
Q

Primer

A

A short strand of nucleotides which binds to the 3’ end of DNA, allowing polymerase to add nucleotides.

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22
Q

Ligase

A

The enzyme responsible for joining fragments of DNA on the lagging strand.

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23
Q

Leading strand

A

The strand of DNA that is replicated continuously.

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24
Q

Lagging strand

A

The strand of DNA that is replicated in fragments.

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25
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The amplification of DNA in DNA profiling.
26
Genotype
The set of genes possessed by an organism.
27
Phenotype
The physical appearance of a gene.
28
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
29
Uracil
The nucleotide base that forms a complimentary base pair with Adenine in RNA.
30
Polypeptide chain
The name given to a chain of amino acids.
31
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The form of RNA involved in transcription.
32
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The form of RNA involved in forming a polypeptide chain in translation.
33
Transcription
The process of copying the DNA code in a gene to form an mRNA molecule.
34
RNA polymerase
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to mRNA
35
Primary transcript
The name given to the initial mRNA formed - before splicing takes place.
36
Introns
Non-coding regions of mRNA
37
Exons
Regions of mRNA that do code for a polypeptide chain.
38
RNA spicing
Process where introns are removed from the primary transcript and exons are joined together.
39
Codon
Triplet of bases on mRNA.
40
Anticodon
Triplet of bases on tRNA.
41
Attachment site
The point on a tRNA molecule where an amino acid is carried.
42
Start codon
Codon that signals where translation of the polypeptide chain should begin.
43
Stop codon
Codon that signals where translation of the polypeptide chain should end.
44
Ribosomes
Small, spherical organelles, responsible for protein synthesis.
45
Hydrogen
Weak bond that forms between complimentary base pairs.
46
Peptide
Strong bond that forms between amino acids on a polypeptide chain.
47
Alternative RNA splicing
Process which allows several mature mRNA transcripts to arise from a single gene.
48
Protein
Organic molecule made from a polypeptide chain.
49
Amino Acid
Smallest subunit of a polypeptide chain.
50
Peptide bond
Bonds that link together amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
51
Enzyme
Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst.
52
Structural Protein
Type of protein that is involved in the formation of tissues such as skin, hair and nails.
53
Hormone
Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger.
54
Antibody
Type of protein that is involved in the immune response.
55
Mutation
A random, spontaneous change to DNA.
56
Mutant
An organism that has suffered a mutation.
57
Mutation rate
The frequency of mutation.
58
Mutagenic agent
Substance that can increase the rate of mutation.
59
Point mutation
A gene mutation which causes a change in a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain.
60
Substitution
A gene mutation where one nucleotide base is swapped for another.
61
Insertion
A gene mutation where an extra nucleotide base is added to the polypeptide chain.
62
Deletion
A gene mutation where a nucleotide base is removed from the polypeptide chain.
63
Splice site mutation
A gene mutation that occurs at the codon where an intron is cut out of the polypeptide chain. The intron may be left in the protein.
64
Nucleotide sequence repeat expansion
A mutation involving the insertion of many copies of a codon.
65
Missense
A substitution gene mutation which changes one amino acid in the polypeptide chain.
66
Nonsense
A substitution gene mutation that results in the formation of a stop codon, and a shortened protein.
67
Frameshift
An insertion or deletion gene mutation which causes ALL amino acids in the polypeptide chain to be altered.
68
Chromosome structure mutation
A mutation that involves a change to one or more full chromosomes.
69
Deletion
A chromosome mutation where a section of the chromosome is missing.
70
Duplication
A chromosome mutation where a section of the chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to its homologous partner.
71
Translocation
A chromosome mutation where a section of the chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to a chromosome in a DIFFERENT homologous pair.
72
Genome
The entire hereditary information of an organism, encoded in its DNA.
73
Genomic sequencing
Determination of the nucleotide base sequence for individual genes and entire genomes.
74
Bioinformatics
Comparing sequence data using computer and statistical analyses.
75
Pharmacogenetics
The use of genome information in the choice of drugs.
76
Personalised medicine
Selection of the most effective drugs and dosage for a patient using their individual genome sequence.
77
Anabolic
Reactions where large molecules are built up from smaller molecules, requiring energy.
78
Catabolic
Reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy.
79
Metabolic pathways
Integrated and controlled pathways controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes within a cell.
80
Induced Fit
When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after the substrate binds.
81
Activation energy
The energy required for a reaction to take place.
82
Competitive inhibitor
Inhibitor that binds at the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.
83
Non-competitive inhibitor
Inhibitor that binds away from the active site, but changes the shape of the active site.
84
Substrate concentration
Factor that can reverse competitive inhibition.
85
Feedback inhibition
Inhibition that occurs when the end product in the pathway reaches a critical concentration. Prevents further synthesis of the product.
86
Glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage in respiration.
87
The citric acid cycle
Acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate, releasing ATP, CO2 and hydrogen ions; the second stage in respiration.
88
The electron transport chain
A series of carrier proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane; involved in the third stage of respiration.
89
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
90
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
91
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group.
92
Energy investment phase
Occurs during glycolysis - breakdown of 2 ATP
93
Energy payoff phase
Occurs during glycolysis - formation of 4 ATP
94
Dehydrogenase
Enzymes that remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to coenzyme NAD, forming NADH
95
ATP synthase
Flow of hydrogen ions across this enzyme results in the production of ATP in the electron transport chain
96
Oxygen
Molecule known as the final hydrogen acceptor in aerobic respiration.
97
Lactate
Compound made from pyruvate during fermentation.
98
Fermentation
Form of respiration that proceeds when no oxygen is present, during vigorous exercise.
99
Oxygen debt
Lack of oxygen in muscle cells which is repaid when exercise stops.
100
Slow twitch
Type of muscle fibre that contracts slowly but can sustain contractions for longer.
101
Fast twitch
Type of muscle fibre that contracts relatively quickly, but only over short periods.
102
Endurance activities
Long distance running, cycling or cross -country skiing.
103
Fats
The main storage fuel of slow twitch muscles
104
Glycogen
The main storage fuel of fast twitch muscles
105
Myoglobin
An oxygen-storing protein present in muscle cells.

CfE Higher Human (3 decks)

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