Unit 2 (phonetics) Flashcards
Segments
Individual speech sounds (phones).
What are the three units to represent speech?
Segments, Syllables, and Features.
Syllable
Metered sectioning, usually including a vowel.
Feature
Describing the sound/segment (consonantal, sonorous, syllabic).
Describe the sound production system
Energy, Sound Source, and Filters.
Pulmonic
from the lungs.
Where does energy come from?
The lungs.
Egressive
Sound created with air flow out of the lungs.
Ingressive
sounds created with air flow into the lungs.
What is the sound source?
Vocal folds/chords (larynx).
What are the three filters?
pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity.
What are the filters of the sound production system for?
they change the way the sound is manipulated.
Glottis
The opening/empty space in the larynx.
Voice
A glottal state where there is vibration in the larynx like when you make a “v” sound. The vocal folds are slightly open.
Voiceless
A glottal state where there is no vibration in the larynx like when you make an “f” sound. The vocal folds are open all the way.
What are the four glottal states?
Voice, voiceless, whisper, and murmur.
Arytenoid cartilages
The two triangle shapes at the back of the larynx that move the vocal folds.
Glides
when two vowels or consonants “mush” together. Interchangeable with semi-consonants and semivowels. [j]
Phonetics
The sub field of linguistics that examines sounds and sounds inventories (alternate definition to the one in unit 1).
What are the four articulators?
Lips, Tongue Tip, Tongue Body, Larynx.
Consonant
A sound with obstruction of airflow in the oral tract.
What are the three ways we describe consonants?
Glottal state, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. (ex. voiced bilabial stop [b])
Bilabials
POA. Both lips ([p][b][m])
Labiodental
POA. Teeth and lips ([f][v])
Dental
POA. Both teeth ([t]emps)
Interdental
POA. Tongue in between teeth ([θ][ð])
Alveolar
POA. Tongue on alveolar ridge ([l][n][r][z][s][d][t])
Alveolarpalatal
POA. Tongue between the palate and ridge ([ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ])
palatal
POA. Tongue at the palate ([j])
Velar
POA. Tongue at the back of the oral cavity (soft part) ([k][g][w][ŋ])
Uvular
POA. French [r]
Pharyngeal
POA. Arabic [q] (waqar)
Glottal
POA. Within the larynx ([h]) (_oh-_oh)
What are the two manners of articulation?
Obstruents and Sonorants
Obstruents
Sounds that are obstructed. can be voiced or voiceless.
Sonorants
Sounds that are voiced and more powerful.
Stops
obstruent. total obstruction of airflow
Fricatives
obstruent. a narrow constriction
Affricatives
obstruent. 1. stop 2. frication
Nasals
sonorants. stops. the velum is lowered.
laterals
sonorants. liquids. [l]
retroflex/bunched
sonorants. liquids. [r]
Flap
sonorants. liquids. trill. (spanish r)
What are the two vowel types?
simple vowels (monothongs) and diphthongs.
What are the four ways to describe a vowel?
tongue height, tongue retraction, lip roundedness, tenseness. (ex. high front unrounded [i])
what are the height sections of the tongue?
low, mid, high
what are the retraction sections of the tongue?
front, central, back
Where is the tongue retracted when making a rounded sound?
back
Suprasegmentals
prosodic properties of speech independent of place and manner of articulation. Tone, Intonation, Length, stress.
Pitch
perception of frequency (high v low)
Loudness
perception of decibels (quiet v loud)
Two types of tone?
contour and register
register
level
contour
moving
two types of Intonation
terminal and non terminal contour
terminal contour
falling intonation to end a sentence
non terminal contour
rising intonation to end a sentence
stress
prominence of a vowel. conFLICT vs CONflict
Main phonetic processes (8)
Assimilation, dissimilation, aspiration, nasalization, metathesis, epenthesis, deletion, and vowel reduction
two categories and 3 subcategories of assimilation
progressive and regressive; and voicing, place, and manner
assimilation
one sound influencing its neighbour
Dissimilation
2 adjacent sounds become less like eachother
epenthesis
the adding of a sound into a word
deletion
the removal of a sound from a word
metathesis
the swaping/reordering of sounds in a word
vowel reduction
when a vowel is unstressed and reduced to a schwa
Aspiration
english voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a syllable followed by a stressed vowel
