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Linguistics 100A > Unit 2 (phonetics) > Flashcards

Unit 2 (phonetics) Flashcards

1
Q

Segments

A

Individual speech sounds (phones).

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2
Q

What are the three units to represent speech?

A

Segments, Syllables, and Features.

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3
Q

Syllable

A

Metered sectioning, usually including a vowel.

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4
Q

Feature

A

Describing the sound/segment (consonantal, sonorous, syllabic).

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5
Q

Describe the sound production system

A

Energy, Sound Source, and Filters.

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6
Q

Pulmonic

A

from the lungs.

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7
Q

Where does energy come from?

A

The lungs.

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8
Q

Egressive

A

Sound created with air flow out of the lungs.

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9
Q

Ingressive

A

sounds created with air flow into the lungs.

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10
Q

What is the sound source?

A

Vocal folds/chords (larynx).

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11
Q

What are the three filters?

A

pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity.

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12
Q

What are the filters of the sound production system for?

A

they change the way the sound is manipulated.

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13
Q

Glottis

A

The opening/empty space in the larynx.

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14
Q

Voice

A

A glottal state where there is vibration in the larynx like when you make a “v” sound. The vocal folds are slightly open.

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15
Q

Voiceless

A

A glottal state where there is no vibration in the larynx like when you make an “f” sound. The vocal folds are open all the way.

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16
Q

What are the four glottal states?

A

Voice, voiceless, whisper, and murmur.

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17
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

The two triangle shapes at the back of the larynx that move the vocal folds.

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18
Q

Glides

A

when two vowels or consonants “mush” together. Interchangeable with semi-consonants and semivowels. [j]

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19
Q

Phonetics

A

The sub field of linguistics that examines sounds and sounds inventories (alternate definition to the one in unit 1).

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20
Q

What are the four articulators?

A

Lips, Tongue Tip, Tongue Body, Larynx.

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21
Q

Consonant

A

A sound with obstruction of airflow in the oral tract.

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22
Q

What are the three ways we describe consonants?

A

Glottal state, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. (ex. voiced bilabial stop [b])

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23
Q

Bilabials

A

POA. Both lips ([p][b][m])

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24
Q

Labiodental

A

POA. Teeth and lips ([f][v])

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25
Q

Dental

A

POA. Both teeth ([t]emps)

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26
Q

Interdental

A

POA. Tongue in between teeth ([θ][ð])

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27
Q

Alveolar

A

POA. Tongue on alveolar ridge ([l][n][r][z][s][d][t])

28
Q

Alveolarpalatal

A

POA. Tongue between the palate and ridge ([ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ])

29
Q

palatal

A

POA. Tongue at the palate ([j])

30
Q

Velar

A

POA. Tongue at the back of the oral cavity (soft part) ([k][g][w][ŋ])

31
Q

Uvular

A

POA. French [r]

32
Q

Pharyngeal

A

POA. Arabic [q] (waqar)

33
Q

Glottal

A

POA. Within the larynx ([h]) (_oh-_oh)

34
Q

What are the two manners of articulation?

A

Obstruents and Sonorants

35
Q

Obstruents

A

Sounds that are obstructed. can be voiced or voiceless.

36
Q

Sonorants

A

Sounds that are voiced and more powerful.

37
Q

Stops

A

obstruent. total obstruction of airflow

38
Q

Fricatives

A

obstruent. a narrow constriction

39
Q

Affricatives

A

obstruent. 1. stop 2. frication

40
Q

Nasals

A

sonorants. stops. the velum is lowered.

41
Q

laterals

A

sonorants. liquids. [l]

42
Q

retroflex/bunched

A

sonorants. liquids. [r]

43
Q

Flap

A

sonorants. liquids. trill. (spanish r)

44
Q

What are the two vowel types?

A

simple vowels (monothongs) and diphthongs.

45
Q

What are the four ways to describe a vowel?

A

tongue height, tongue retraction, lip roundedness, tenseness. (ex. high front unrounded [i])

46
Q

what are the height sections of the tongue?

A

low, mid, high

47
Q

what are the retraction sections of the tongue?

A

front, central, back

48
Q

Where is the tongue retracted when making a rounded sound?

A

back

49
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

prosodic properties of speech independent of place and manner of articulation. Tone, Intonation, Length, stress.

50
Q

Pitch

A

perception of frequency (high v low)

51
Q

Loudness

A

perception of decibels (quiet v loud)

52
Q

Two types of tone?

A

contour and register

53
Q

register

A

level

54
Q

contour

A

moving

55
Q

two types of Intonation

A

terminal and non terminal contour

56
Q

terminal contour

A

falling intonation to end a sentence

57
Q

non terminal contour

A

rising intonation to end a sentence

58
Q

stress

A

prominence of a vowel. conFLICT vs CONflict

59
Q

Main phonetic processes (8)

A

Assimilation, dissimilation, aspiration, nasalization, metathesis, epenthesis, deletion, and vowel reduction

60
Q

two categories and 3 subcategories of assimilation

A

progressive and regressive; and voicing, place, and manner

61
Q

assimilation

A

one sound influencing its neighbour

62
Q

Dissimilation

A

2 adjacent sounds become less like eachother

63
Q

epenthesis

A

the adding of a sound into a word

64
Q

deletion

A

the removal of a sound from a word

65
Q

metathesis

A

the swaping/reordering of sounds in a word

66
Q

vowel reduction

A

when a vowel is unstressed and reduced to a schwa

67
Q

Aspiration

A

english voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a syllable followed by a stressed vowel

Linguistics 100A (3 decks)

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