Unit 2: Perception and Impression management

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment.

Question 2

Factors influencing perception

Answer 2

Perceiver (attitudes, motives, experience, interests, and expectations)
Target (Novelty, motion, sound, size, bg, proximity and similiarity)
Situation (Time, work and social setting)

Question 3

Process of perception

Answer 3

• it is a unique interpretation of the situation
• complex cognitive process, different from reality.
• Filter, recognising the difference is imp.
• perceptual world of manager, employee and reality is very different.

Question 4

Subprocesses of perception

Answer 4

External envt., Confrontation, registration, interpretation, feedback, behavior and consequences.

Question 5

Social perception

Answer 5

Concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals: how we get to know others
Observing and interpreting others to be able
to understand and respond appropriately.

Question 6

Theory 1. Information processing model

Answer 6

Selective Attention/ Comprehension (Competing envt. stimuli)
Encoding and Simplification (Interpretation and categorisation)
Storage and Retention (Memory)
Retrieval and Response (Judgements and decisions)

Question 7

Attribution

Answer 7

The process by which individuals explain the cause of behaviors and events that they perceive.

Question 8

Theory 2: Attribution theory

Answer 8

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
Factors: (1) distinctiveness, (2) consensus,
and (3) consistency.

Question 9

Theory 3: Correspondent Inference Theory

Answer 9

others’ behavior reflects their stable traits when (1) is freely chosen;
(2) yields distinctive, noncommon effects; and
(3) is low in social desirability

Question 10

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 10

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. (Correspondence bias)

Question 11

Actor-observer effect

Answer 11

The tendency to attribute our own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behavior of others mainly to internal (dispositional) causes.

Question 12

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 12

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Question 13

Shortcuts in judging others

Answer 13

Selective perception, halo/horn effect, contrast effects

Question 14

Selective perception

Answer 14

People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.

Question 15

Halo/horn effect

Answer 15

Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Question 16

Contrast effect

Answer 16

Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Question 17

Projection

Answer 17

Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.

Question 18

Stereotyping

Answer 18

Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.

Question 19

Managerial implications of social perception

Answer 19

Employment interviews, performance expectations, performance evaluation, employee effort and ethnic profiling

Question 20

Implicit personality theories

Answer 20

beliefs about what traits or characteristics tend to go together

Question 21

Impression management (IM)

Answer 21

Process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them.

Question 22

Situations

Answer 22

Individuals who work remotely from their supervisors engage in high levels
Most job applicants use IM techniques in interviews
Applicants appear to use self-promotion more than ingratiation
Ingratiation also works well in interviews; applicants who compliment the interviewer, agree with his or her opinions, and emphasize areas of fit do better than those who don’t.
Ingratiation is positively related to performance ratings, However, those who self-promote actually seem to receive lower performance evaluations

Question 23

Stereotypes

Answer 23

Beliefs about social groups in terms of the traits or characteristics that they are believed to share
Stereotypes are cognitive frameworks that influence the processing of social information
An individuals’ set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group

Question 24

Process of stereotype formation

Answer 24

Categorizations, inferences, expectations and maintenance.

Question 25

Managerial challenges of stereotype formation

Answer 25

May or may not be accurate
Can lead to poor decisions
Can create barriers
Gender stereotype: glass ceiling effect/glass cliff effect
Age stereotype
Racial and ethnic stereotype
Disability stereotype