Unit 2: Overview of Motor Learning Flashcards
Nature of motor learning Early definitions of motor learning
- Process of acquiring the ability to perform a skilled action
- Results from experience or practice
- Cannot be measured directly, inferred from behavior
- Produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
A Broader Definition of Motor Learning
Body, environment, sensory feedback
Motor Performance versus Learning
x
Long Term Memory
Nondeclarative (Implicit) -Nonassociative learning -Associative learning -Procedural learning Declarative (Explicit) -Facts -Events -People
Nonassociative Learning (Nondeclarative (Implicit) Learning)
Results from repeated exposure to a single stimulus
- Habituation
- Sensitization
Associative Learning (Nondeclarative (Implicit) Learning)
- Classical conditioning
- Operant (instrumental) conditioning
Procedural learning (Nondeclarative (Implicit) Learning)
Learning tasks automatically without attention or conscious thought
Declarative or Explicit Learning (Basic Forms of Long-Term Memory)
- Knowledge that can be consciously recalled
- Processes such as awareness, attention, reflection
- Ability to remember factual knowledge
- Types of processing: encoding
Practice Levels (Practical Applications Motor Learning)
- Important factor in retraining motor skills is amount of practice
- Initial improvement is rapid
- Over time improvement slows
- Can have improvement for many years
Practical Applications Motor Learning Feedback
- Intrinsic (Inherent) Feedback: information that is available to the patient based on his or her own sensory systems. For example, the patient observes the position of her arm and hand while holding the spoon and bringing it to her mouth.
- Extrinsic (Augmented) Feedback: information that is supplemental to intrinsic feedback. For example, the therapist verbally cues the patient to visually monitor her arm movement when using the spoon during feeding.
- Knowledge of results: terminal feedback about outcome of movement in terms of movement’s; form of extrinsic feedback in which the outcome of the movement serves as feedback. For example, the patient observes the placement of the spoon relative to her mouth when her shoulder is abducted and internally rotated.
Practice Conditions (Practical Applications Motor Learning)
- Massed practice: amount of practice time in a trial greater than amount of rest between trials
- Distributed practice: amount of rest between trials equal to or greater than amount of time for a trial
Constant > Variable, Blocked > Random
Practice Conditions (Practical Applications Motor Learning)
- Whole verses Part Training: Task analysis
- Transfer of skills depends on similarity between two tasks or two environments.
- Mental practice can enhance learning but not as effectively as physical practice.
Guidance verses Discovery Learning (Practice Conditions)
- Guidance: learner physically guided through task to be learned
- Discovery Learning: trial and error
Motor Function (Concepts Related to Recovery of Function)
Complex activity of an individual directed at performing a behavioral task
Recovery: Regaining function lost after injury
Compensation: Behavioral substitution
Adaptation
