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AH Biology > Unit 2: Organisms And Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2: Organisms And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute fitness

A

The ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Active

A

Requires energy

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3
Q

Active site

A

The region of an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds

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4
Q

Ameba

A

A single-called parasite

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5
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

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6
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Crediting animal behaviour with human emotions or qualities

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7
Q

Antigen

A

A protein that may induce an immune response if it is foreign

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8
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Where parasites show great variation amongst different strains

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9
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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10
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three domains of life, consisting of single felled micro organisms

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11
Q

Arthropoda

A

Jointed-legged invertebrates which are identified by their segmented body, typically with paired appendages
Examples: wasps, butterflies, spiders and crabs

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12
Q

ATP synthase

A

A membrane bound enzyme which generates ATP

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13
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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14
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that targets a bacterial host

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15
Q

B lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce specific antibodies in response to specific antigens

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16
Q

Caspase

A

Proteinases which destroy a cell

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17
Q

Centrifugation

A

A process which uses centrifugal forces to separate components of a mixture

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18
Q

Chiasmata

A

The place where two homologous chromosomes come into contact with one another

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19
Q

Chordata

A

Sea squirts and vertebrates

Examples: birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish

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20
Q

Chromatography

A

A set of techniques which separate the components of a mixture

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21
Q

Civil engineering

A

A profession that is involved in the design and manufacture of infrastructure to improve standards of living

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22
Q

Clonal selection

A

Lymphocytes becomes amplified, with some clones used in immediate defence and other clones acting as memory cells

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23
Q

Co-evolution

A

Where a change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on another species with which it frequently interacts

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24
Q

Colorimeter

A

A device that is used to measure the absorbance of a specific wavelength of light by a solution

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25
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

When two species are in intense competition with one another and the weaker of the two species becomes locally extinct

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26
Q

Conformation

A

The spatial, three dimensional arrangement of the atoms that make up a molecule

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27
Q

Crossing over

A

The process where the homologous chromosomes swap genetic material

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28
Q

Cysticercosis

A

A parasitic tissue infection

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29
Q

Definitive host

A

The host where the parasite reaches sexual maturity

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30
Q

Depolarisation

A

An electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential

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31
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite that lives on the surface of the host

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32
Q

Electrophoresis

A

A process which applies an electrical current across a gel to separate components of a mixture

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33
Q

Endoparasite

A

A parasite that lives inside the host

Examples: tapeworms and flatworms

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34
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases

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35
Q

Ethogram

A

A chart on which observed animal behaviours is recorded

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36
Q

Ethology

A

The study of animal behaviour

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37
Q

Eukaryotic

A

An organism with a membrane bound nucleus

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38
Q

Evolution

A

The change, over successive generations, in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

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39
Q

Extended phenotype

A

A theory whereby the parasite modifies the host’s behaviour to increase its own transmission

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40
Q

Extra cellular

A

Outside the cell

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41
Q

Ferns

A

Flowerless plants that reproduce by producing spores and which have a vascular system

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42
Q

Fluorescence

A

The emission of light of a different wavelength to that which was absorbed

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43
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The niche that the organism occupies where there are no other species present competing for space or resources

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44
Q

Genetic drift

A

The random change in how frequently a particular allele occurs within a small population

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45
Q

G-protein

A

Proteins which act as molecular switches. They allow signals from outside the cell to be transmitted inside (involved in signal transduction). Their activity is regulated by their ability to bind and break down GTP to GDP. When GTP is bound and hey are ‘on’ and when GDP is bound they are ‘off’

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46
Q

Gravid proglottid

A

The segment of a tapeworm containing both male and female reproductive organs

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47
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Flowerless vascular plants that produce seeds for reproduction
Example: conifers

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48
Q

Haemocytometer

A

A device used to count cells

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49
Q

Herd immunity

A

Protection offers to non immune members of a population by sufficient numbers of immune individuals

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50
Q

Herd immunity threshold

A

The density of resistant hosts in a population required to prevent an epidemic

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51
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

An organism with both male and female reproductive organs

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52
Q

Heterogametic

A

Dissimilar sex chromosomes e.g. Mammalian males where the Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome

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53
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Chromosomes of the same size, same centromere position and which carry the same genes at the same gene loci

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54
Q

Hybridoma

A

A cell formed from the fusion of a myeloma cell with an antibody- producing B cell

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55
Q

Hydrophilic

A

(Means water loving) a molecule of this type is electrically attracted to the polarity of the water molecules

56
Q

Hydrophobic

A

(Means water hating) a molecule of this type is not electrically attracted to the polarity of water and is repelled away from the water molecule

57
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

A change in a cells membrane potential that makes it more negative

58
Q

Immune surveillance

A

White blood cells patrol the body, recognising and destroying foreign pathogens

59
Q

Immunoassay

A

Techniques which use antibodies linked to reporter enzymes to cause a colour change in the presence of a specific antigen

60
Q

Imprinting

A

An irreversible process that occurs within a critical period of young bird development. It can also have an impact on mate choice later in life

61
Q

Independent assortment

A

Takes place during meiosis 1 when homologous chromosomes pair up and line up at the equator. The final position of one pair is completely random relative to every other pair

62
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Injured or wounded areas become warm and red due to increased blood flow, bringing white cells for defence

63
Q

Intermediate host

A

The host that the parasite might require in order to complete its life cycle or as a means of transmission, thus making it a vector

64
Q

Interphase

A

Takes place at the start of meiosis when DNA replication occurs

65
Q

Intracellular

A

Inside the cell

66
Q

Kinetochore

A

The point on a chromosome where the spindle fibre binds

67
Q

K-selected

A

Larger organisms that usually produce lower numbers of offspring, providing more extensive parental care and have longer life spans

68
Q

Lekking

A

Males display for females in a communal display area, then females choose a mate

69
Q

Ligand

A

A substance which can bind to a particular a protein

70
Q

Line transect

A

Line along which quadrants are placed or samples taken

71
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are on the same chromosome

72
Q

Liverworts

A

Flowerless, spore producing plants with flattened stems and overlapping leaves

73
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A type of white blood cell which forms part of the immune system

74
Q

Lysis

A

The bursting of a host cell, releasing many virus particles

75
Q

Malaria

A

A serious human disease spread by mosquitoes that are infected by the plasmodium parasite

76
Q

Meiosis

A

A special type of cell division where four haploid gametes are produced from one diploid gamete mother cell

77
Q

Memory cells

A

Cloned lymphocytes that remain in the body to respond faster if the individual is exposed to the same antigen a second time

78
Q

Mollusca

A

Molluscs which are greatly varied, with many characterised by the presence of a shell
Examples: snails and octopi

79
Q

Monogamy

A

Where animals form breeding pairs, thus one male to one female

80
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer

81
Q

Mosses

A

Flowerless plants, lacking seeds and a vascular system

82
Q

Mutation

A

Random change in DNA sequences within a population

83
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship where both species benefit

84
Q

Myeloma

A

A B-cell cancer cell

85
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Lymphocytes responsible for destroying abnormal cells

86
Q

Natural selection

A

Non-random process whereby certain alleles occur more frequently within a population because they confer a selective advantage

87
Q

Nematoda

A

Round worms which show great variety. Many of which are parasitic
Examples: tapeworms

88
Q

Opsin

A

A photoreceptor molecule found in the animal kingdom

89
Q

Parasite

A

An organism is that gains food and shelter at the expense of the host

90
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Asexual reproduction whereby embryos develop from an unfertilised egg

91
Q

Passive

A

A process which does not require energy

92
Q

Phagocyte

A

White blood cell in non-specific defence, engulfing and destroying foreign antigens- may also present antigens to lymphocytes

93
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Non specific defence where phagocytes engulf foreign antigens and digest them using digestive enzymes present in the lysosomes

94
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

95
Q

Photon

A

A particle representing a quantum of light

96
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms which show bilateral symmetry with internal organs present, but lack a body cavity. Many of which are parasitic

97
Q

Point count

A

Sampling technique used for birds

98
Q

Pollinator

A

An organism that transfers pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of usually another flower
Examples: bees and hummingbirds

99
Q

Polygamy

A

Usually where one male has access to mate with several females

100
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers

101
Q

Polypeptide

A

A single chain of amino acids

102
Q

Prosthetic group

A

A non-protein unit which is tightly bound to a protein that is necessary for its function

103
Q

Proteinase

A

An enzyme which breaks down proteins by hydrolysis

104
Q

Proteolytic

A

Substances which can break down proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids

105
Q

Proton

A

A hydrogen ion

106
Q

Random sampling

A

Individuals selected from the larger population must be chosen completely by chance

107
Q

Realised niche

A

The niche that an organism occupies when there is competition form other species

108
Q

Recombinant

A

The chromosome created when linked genes are separated during crossing over

109
Q

Red queen hypothesis

A

A theory concerning co-evolution of a parasite and its host. An evolutionary arms race

110
Q

Relative fitness

A

The ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other geneotypes

111
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Where two species occupy different realises niches, allowing them to co-exist by compromising over resources

112
Q

Retinal

A

A light sensitive molecule

113
Q

Retrotransposon

A

The piece of DNA that carries out reverse transcription before being inserted into a new site in the genome

114
Q

Retrovirus

A

A virus that contains RNA as its nucleic acid

115
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme used by retrovirus to synthesise DNA that can be inserted into the host cell’s genome

116
Q

r-selected

A

Smaller organisms that usually produce larder numbers of offspring, providing no parental care and having smaller life spans

117
Q

Sanitation

A

Access to facilities for safely disposing of human waste such as urine and faeces

118
Q

Satellite male

A

Male that sneaks to gain access to females

119
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Also known as bilharzias, a human disease caused by parasites living in fresh water in subtropical and tropical regions of the world

120
Q

Sessile

A

Organisms that are fixed in position and cannot move

121
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Physical difference between males and females of a species

122
Q

Sexual selection

A

A non- random process, whereby certain alleles occur more frequently within a population because they are selected/ preferred by one sex

123
Q

Sneaker

A

Male that gains access to mate with a female without the more dominant male knowing

124
Q

Standard curve

A

A graph which can be used to determine the concentration is an unknown solution

125
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Individuals are randomly selected from sub groups within a population

126
Q

Symbiosis

A

An interrelationship between organisms of two different species, whereby at least one species benefits

127
Q

Symport

A

Describes an integral membrane protein which is involved in simultaneously transporting two substances across the membrane in the same direction

128
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Where the samples may be taken at regular/ preset intervals

129
Q

Taxonomy

A

Grouping living organisms based in similarities and relatedness

130
Q

Terrain

A

The physical geography of the land

131
Q

Thylakoid

A

A membrane bound compartment found in the chloroplasts, containing photosynthetic pigments

132
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that destroy specific infected or damaged cells by bringing about apoptosis

133
Q

Transmission

A

The spread of a parasite to a host

134
Q

Vector

A

The means of transmitting a parasite

135
Q

Vegetative propagation/ cloning

A

A form of asexual reproduction that takes place in some plants resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant
Examples: bulbs and runners

136
Q

Virulence

A

The deleterious effect that the parasite has on the host

137
Q

Waterborne

A

Transmitted by water

AH Biology (3 decks)

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