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AH Biology > Unit 1: Cells And Proteins > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cells And Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Actin

A

Globular protein which forms microfilaments. Associated with myosin for cell movement.

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2
Q

Affinity

A

The degree to which a substance tends to combine with another

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3
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Enzymes which change conformation in response to a modulator which binds at a secondary binding site

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4
Q

Alpha helix

A

Polypeptide chain coiled into a helix with hydrogen by ding occurring to maintain the arrangement

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5
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Removal of non-coding introns from a primary mRNA transcript to leave only the coding expand. Several mature transcripts can be produced from a single primary transcript.

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6
Q

Antibody

A

Y-shapes globular protein with specificity to an antigen

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death in response to damage to DNA etc

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8
Q

Aquaporin

A

Integral channel forming proteins within the membrane which selectively allow movement of water molecules across the membrane

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9
Q

AQP2 (aquaporin 2)

A

Channel protein found in the collecting duct of the kidneys. They are triggered to move to the cell surface by ADH and allow increased reabsorption of water into the bloodstream

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10
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

Procedures in place to prevent contamination including sterilisation of equipment and work surfaces

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11
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin

A

Light absorbing molecule found in Archae (one of the three domains of life, the other two being bacteria and eukaryota) It pumps protons across the membrane creating a proton gradient which can then be used to generate ATP

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12
Q

Beta sheets

A

Polypeptide chain arranged in rows with the chain coiling in parallel or anti parallel arrangements

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13
Q

Buffer

A

A solution used to set and maintain a particular pH

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14
Q

Caspase cascade

A

Caspase proteins are involved in a series of reactions (a cascade) which destroys a cell

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15
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

Checkpoints which assess the readiness of a cell to enter the next stage of the cell cycle. They occur during G1, G2 and Metaphase

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16
Q

Centrifuge

A

Apparatus which spins very quickly to desperate materials due to their density. Heavier components move to the bottom of the tube

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17
Q

Centrosome (MTOC)

A

Microtubules radiate from the centrosome and are active during cell division as microtubules form the spindle fibres

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18
Q

Chromatography

A

A separating technique in which there is a stationary phase (paper or gel) which the mobile phase (solvent) moves through carrying the substance being examined. Different substances have different solubility in each so move different distances

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19
Q

Cooperativity

A

Proteins composed of several polypeptides (subunits) can show cooperativity. Changes in binding of one subunit give the other subunits a greater affinity for the molecule e.g. Binding of oxygen to one haemoglobin subunit gives the other subunits a greater affinity for oxygen

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20
Q

Complex media

A

A nutrient rich growth medium providing all basic requirements for cell growth: amino acids, glucose, salts, water. They also may contain specific growth factors required for animal cell lines

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21
Q

Cyclin

A

Proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin- dependant kinase (Cdk) enzymes

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22
Q

Cyclin dependant kinases (Cdks)

A

When activated by cyclin, Cdks cause the phosphorylation of proteins which stimulate the cell cycle

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, which support their shape and function

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24
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Diabetes is the inability to regulate blood glucose levels. Type one is caused by the failure to produce insulin

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25
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Diabetes is the inability to regulate blood glucose levels. Type 2 is caused by loss of function is the insulin receptors on the cell surface

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26
Q

G-protein

A

Also known as a guanine nucleotide binding protein. They are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior

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27
Q

Gated channels

A

Channel forming proteins controlled by signalling molecules or ion concentrations

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28
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Use to separate samples of nucleic acid and protein size. The nucleic acid is introduced to angel, they move through it due to the electric current. Smaller fragments move further than larger fragments

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29
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

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30
Q

GLUT4

A

The insulin- regulates glucose transporter. Insulin triggers the movement of GLUT4 transporters to the membrane surface, increasing uptake of glucose to be converted into Glycogen

31
Q

Haemocytometer

A

Apparatus used to estimate the total number of cells within a sample, originally used to count the number of blood cells

32
Q

Hazard

A

Anything that poses a potential risk or threat to an individual or the environment

33
Q

Hydrophilic

A

From the Greek word water loving. Having a strong affinity for water

34
Q

Hydrophilic signalling

A

Signalling molecules which are not able to pass through the membrane and must have receptor molecules on the cell surface. The signal is transduced across the membrane

35
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Literally means water fearing. The tendency of non polar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and will exclude water molecules i.e seemingly repelled from an aqueous environment

36
Q

Hydrophobic signalling

A

Signalling molecules which can diffuse through membranes so their receptor molecules can be within the nucleus

37
Q

Immunoassay

A

The use is antibodies linked with reporter enzymes to cause a colour change in the presence of a specific antigen

38
Q

Induced fit

A

Model to describe the action of enzymes. When the substrate binds to the enzyme active site there is a temporary conformational change to the enzyme which increases binding and interaction with the substrate, lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

39
Q

Inoculum

A

The starting material use to grow a culture from e.g. Bacterial culture

40
Q

Interphase

A

The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spend the majority of its time. In preparation for cell division, it increases in size and DNA replication occurs in preparation for the M Phase

41
Q

G1

A

Initial growth phase of the cell division including production of more cell organelles

42
Q

S

A

Cell growth continues and replication of chromosomes occurs

43
Q

G2

A

Assessment of DNA replication and final preparations for Mitosis

44
Q

Kinase

A

Catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule (usually ATP) to an acceptor

45
Q

Ligand

A

A substance which can bind to a protein e.g. Hormones. The protein has a shape complementary to the ligand to allow binding to occur

46
Q

M phase

A

Division is the nucleus and division of the cell itself

47
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus to form two new nuclei, each with a full complement of chromosomes

48
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

49
Q

Microtubule

A

Composed of hollow straight Ross made of globular proteins called tubulins and govern the location and movement of membrane bound organelles and other cell components

50
Q

Modulators

A

These bond to a secondary site in an enzyme to alter its confirmation. They can be positive modulators to active the enzyme or negative modulators to deactivate it

51
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies produced from hybridomas which are all identical and specific to a particular antigen

52
Q

Myosin

A

Motor proteins which move along actin filaments to bring about movement in a cell

53
Q

Na/KATPase

A

The enzyme which acts as the sodium potassium pump which per cycle removes 3 sodium ions from the cell and takes 2 potassium ions into the cell

54
Q

p53 protein

A

Protein which can activate a caspase cascade

55
Q

Phosphatase

A

An enzyme which removes a phosphate group from its substrate

56
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organism molecule

57
Q

Post translational modifications

A

Addition of different chemical groups to or modification of a protein to allow a particular function

58
Q

Protein conformation

A

Structural arrangement of the polypeptide chains within a protein which can be altered due to several factors

59
Q

Protein structure

A

The different levels of arrangement of polypeptides within a protein

60
Q

Primary protein structure

A

The sequence in which the amino acids are found within a protein

61
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonding occurring within a polypeptide forming alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

62
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Bonding of many types occurring between the R-groups of amino acids within a protein

63
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

The arrangement of multiple folded polypeptides connected together

64
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome (proteome much larger than the genome)

65
Q

R-groups

A

Amino acids have the same basic structure with a variable R-group providing the ability of the amino acids to have different binding occurring between them

66
Q

Resting potential

A

The neurone maintains a difference in ion concentration between the inside and outside of the cell. This can be measured.

67
Q

Retinal

A

Light sensitive molecule within the eye which bind to membrane proteins called Opsin to form the eye photoreceptors

68
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

A tumour suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. One function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. When phosphorylated, it allows DNA replication in the S phase

69
Q

Signal transduction

A

Conversion of extra cellular signals to an intracellular response in a cell

70
Q

Symport

A

An integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two substances across the membrane in the same direction

71
Q

Synapse

A

The space between two neurones

72
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Membrane forming the Grana. Light energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments causes the flow of hydrogen across the thylakoid membrane. Diffusion of the hydrogen back across the membrane drives ATP synthase and generates ATP

73
Q

Transcription factor

A

A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA

74
Q

Transmembrane

A

Proteins which span the membrane and act as channels or transporters of ions

AH Biology (3 decks)

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