Unit 2: organic chem Flashcards
Organic compounds are
Essential components of all living organisms
Large, complex molecules
Contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds
Carbon is
Small in size
Electrically neutral
Shares electrons with other atoms
Enables formation of long hydrocarbon chains or rings
Functional groups can attach to carbon chains or rings
Functional group
A unique combination of atoms that differentiates organic compounds of one class to another
Functional groups determine
the chemical property of the compound
represents the metabolically active portion of the molecule
Alkane functional group
c-c bond
-ane ending
Nonpolar
insoluble in water
less dense than water
least reactive
Alkane examples
Methane, propane, butane, mineral oil, moisturizers that form a barrier and prevent water from passing through and evaporating in the skin
Alkene functional group
c=c
-ene ending
Non-polar
insoluble in water
Less dende than water
Quite reactive
Alkene examples
Lycopene
- antioxidant
Ethylene
- used in the chemical industry to make polyethylene
Alcohol functional groups
Compound with a hydroxyl group attached to carbon
-ol ending
Hydrogen bonding can occur
Solubility in water depends on number of C atoms/hydroxyl group
Lower molecular weight = more soluble in water
Alcohol example
Methanol
Ethanol
Isopropyl alcohol
Glycerol
Phenol functional group
Compound in which a hydroxyl group is connected to a benzene ring
Weak acids
Can damage skin by denaturing proteins
Phenol examples
Phenol(C6H5OH)
Lysol
Polyphenols
Ether functional group
Organic compound in which 2 carbon atoms are bonded to an O
Very unreactive
Much less polar than alcohol
Slightly soluble in water b/c of O forming hydrogen bonds
Flammable
Ether examples
Diethyl ether
- first general anesthetic
Divenyl ether
- Anesthetic
Carbonyl group
Carbon double bonded to an oxygen
Aldehyde functional group
Compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to one hydrogen
-aldehyde ending
Carbonyl group is polar
Lower molecular weight are water soluble
Formaldehyde
- simplest aldehyde
- usually in form of 37 percent aqueous solution called formalin
- kills microorganisms
- Embalm cadavers
Ketone functional group
Has a carbonyl group bonded to two carbons
-one ending
Carbonyl group is polar
Partially broken down fats
Ketone examples
Acetone
Progesterone
Testosterone
Carboxylic acid functional group
Organic compound that contains the carbonyl functional group
COOH
If they contain 8 or more C they are considered water insoluble
Generally weak acids
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long H-C chains
Carboxylic acids Examples
Lactic acid (lactate)
Citric acid (citrate)
Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
Ester
Compound with ester group
O
||
/ C \
C C
Ester examples and what they are used for
Poleyethelyne terephthalate (PET)
- Dacron
- thread used for suture
- fabric replace sections of blood vessels and the esophagus
Nitroglycerin
- sometimes used in cases of heart failure to dilate veins and help reduce congestion
Amine functional group
Derivatives of ammonia, NH3, where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic (R) group
Fewer than 6 C are generally soluble in water
Amine examples and what they do
Benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran)
- disinfectant
Neurotransmitters
- carry nerve impulses form one neuron to another
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Hormone that increases blood level of glucose
Alkaloids
Atropine
- preoperative drug to relax muscle and reduce saliva
Morphine and Codeine
- Central nervous system depressant
- painkiller
Amide functional groups
Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group attached to nitrogen
Are neutral
Amide examples and what they do
Nylon
- polyamide
- tubing and sutures
Wool
- natural polyamide
Thiopental (pentothal)
- intravenous anesthesia
Diazepam (Valium)
- tranquilizer
Ampicillin
- antibiotic
Detergents and soaps
Cleaning action comes from activity as emulsifying agents
Dissociate to form ions when placed in water
Non polar substances are attracted to uncharged ends of soap or detergent
Forms a layer around the oil droplets which keeps them separated and suspended
Antiseptic
Kills bacteria on living tissue
Disinfectants
Kills bacteria on inanimate objects
Oxidizing antiseptics
Destroy compounds essential to bacterial function
May damage skin and normal tissue
Eg. hydrogen peroxide and iodine
Oxidizing disinfectants
Many disinfectants are oxidizing agents
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
Calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder)
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Hydrated carbon molecules
Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structures
Types:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar
Water soluble- hydrophilic
Contains 3-7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring
Hexose sugar has 6 carbons
Pentose sugar has 5 carbons
Glucose
Most nutritionally important monosaccharide
Sometimes called dextrose or blood sugar
The compound to which other sugars absorbed into the body must be converted in the liver
Galactose
A monosaccharide
A hexose
Similar structure to glucose
Component of lactose
Component of substances present in nerve tissue
Fructose
The sweetest monosaccharide
Sometimes called levulose or fruit sugar
Disaccharide
Composed of 2 monosaccharide
Dehydration syntheses - water is created when two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide (anabolism)
Hydrolysis - water is utilized when a disaccharide is decomposed into its monosacchride components (catabolism)
Sucrose
Important disaccharides
Common household sugar
Composed of glucose and fructose joined together
Found in plants