Metabolism and enzymes Flashcards
Catabolism is the
Breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy
Energy is stored in bonds of ATP molecule and transported where it is needed
Anabolism is the
Stored energy is used to assemble new molecules from small components produced from catabolism
Energy for metabolic reaction is
Energy is supplied to cells by breakdown of nutrients
Storage forms of energy: ATP, NADH, FADH2
Energy is released when molecular bonds are broken
Stage one of catabolism occurs in
the gastrointestinal tract
Digestion in the lumen of the GI tract
Stage 2 of catabolism occurs in
Anaerobic respiration in the cell’s cytosol
Stage 3 of catabolism occurs in
Aerobic respiration in cell mitochondria
Catabolism stage 1 is the
Occurs in GI tract
Food is broken down in stomach and digested stomach contents pass to small intestine
Further broken down by enzymes
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates broken down to monosaccharides
Fats broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins broken down to amino acids
Nutrient molecules are absorbed by cells that line small intestine
Nutrients pass to blood or lymph
Carried to organs and tissues
Many go to liver for further metabolism
Catabolic metabolism stage 2
Occurs in the cytosol
Process of anaerobic respiration catabolizes nutrients
Acetyl CoA is transported through cytoplasm to the mitochondria
Catabolic metabolism stage 3
Occurs in the mitochondria
Aerobic respiration involves the attachment of an inorganic PO4 to a molecule of ADP to form ATP
ATP used by the cell to carry energy
Catabolic pathways of proteins, carbohydrates and fats transfer energy stored in nutrients into ATP
Anabolic metabolism
A biosynthetic process
Dehydration synthesis
Important part of anabolism
Effect is opposite of hydrolysis
Monosaccharides are assembled to form chains of polysaccharide
1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide = 1 disaccharide + water
Fat molecules are formed from the connection of glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins are created from chains of amino acids
Control of metabolic reactions
Metabolism is a multi-enzyme sequence of events
Reactions are highly specific
Cell relies on enzymes to initiate and control metabolism
Each enzyme reacts with one particular molecule (substrate) to produce a new molecule (product)
Product of one step is substrate of the next
Enzyme activity
Depends on molecular shape of the enzyme
Active site = region of enzyme that binds to the substrate
Enzymes not altered by the reactions
Enzyme names end in -ase
Enzymes often named for substrate it acts upon
Transferases are enzymes that move of part of a molecule to another molecule
Catalytic efficiency
Enzyme acts as catalyst
Speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Increased rate of reaction is essential to life
Example: Carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, must be moved out of the body
To accomplish this carbonic anhydrase combines carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Control of metabolic reactions
May need assistance of a nonprotein cofactor in order to complete a reaction
Completes the shape of a binding site
Examples: iron, zinc, copper, copper, potassium, calcium ions
Examples of coenzymes
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), acetyl-coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)