Nutrients and Metabolism

Question 1

6 categories of nutrients

Answer 1

Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals

Question 2

Energy producing nutrients

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Question 3

Non energy producing nutrients

Answer 3

Water, vitamins, minerals

Question 4

Essential nutrients

Answer 4

Those an animal cannot manufacture within their own body
Must obtain from diet

Question 5

Taurine

Answer 5

Organic compound
Found in meat and fish
Virtually non-existent in plant-based foods

Question 6

taurine deficiency in cats

Answer 6

Must obtain it in diet
If fed vegetarian diet can develop taurine deficiency
Retinal degeneration
Associated with dilated cardiomyopathy
May have decreased reproductive success

Question 7

Glucose

Answer 7

Monosaccharide
Simplest, smallest dietary carbohydrate
Used to make ATP through glycolysis
Excess converted to glycogen and stored in liver -or- converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue

Question 8

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 8

Single bonds between carbon atoms
Can accommodate the greatest number of H+ atoms
Tend to have long chains
Found in meats and dairy foods

Question 9

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 9

One or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Can accommodate fewer H+ atoms
Tend to be liquid at room temperature

Question 10

Polyunsaturated fats examples

Answer 10

Corn, soybean, safflower oils

Question 11

Monounsaturated fats examples

Answer 11

Olive and peanut oils

Question 12

Essential fatty acids

Answer 12

Cannot be synthesized
Linolenic acid
Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid

Question 13

Natural fats functions

Answer 13

Make food taste good, stave off hunger
Help body absorb fat-soluble vitamins: A,D, E, K
Important insulator, when stored
Protect and cushion vital organs
Rebuilt by liver
Forming different kinds of triglycerides
Major energy source for hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells

Question 14

For a body to make protein

Answer 14

All of the needed amino acids must be present in the cell
Essential and nonessential
Must be in sufficient quantity
Must all be present at the same time
If one amino acid is missing, the protein cannot be manufactured

Question 15

Essential amino acid

Answer 15

Must be present in diet
Animal cannot make them at all, or cannot make them fast enough to meet body’s need for tissue maintenance and growth

Question 16

Complete proteins are

Answer 16

Food products that contain all the essential amino acids for a species
Eggs, meat, dairy

Question 17

Complement proteins are

Answer 17

Food products, when ingested together, contain all the essential amino acids for a species
Legumes and grains

Question 18

Amino acids cannot be _______ and what happens if not used immediately

Answer 18

stored
If not used immediately to make proteins
Oxidized by cell to make energy
Converted to carbohydrates or fats

Question 19

Nitrogen balance is the

Answer 19

Rate of protein synthesis equals rate of protein breakdown and loss
Nitrogen from protein breakdown is packaged by liver into urea before it is excreted by the kidney
Urea can be measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test

Question 20

Positive nitrogen balance is when

Answer 20

Body incorporates more protein into tissue than it is using to make energy (ATP)
Healing, pregnancy, animal growth

Question 21

Negative nitrogen balance is when

Answer 21

protein breakdown exceeds amount of protein being incorporated into tissue
stress, infection, starvation, poor dietary protein

Question 22

Ideal protein content in foods include

Answer 22

Includes all essential amino acids needed by a species to meet its metabolic requirements

Question 23

Biologic value of ideal protein content in food

Answer 23

Percentage of absorbable protein available for body functions
Not same as protein content

Question 24

Protein quality of food is improved by

Answer 24

Feed is not over processed or overheated in storage

Question 25

Ruminant digestion of protein

Answer 25

Facilitated by microbes
Microbial-made protein has consistent quality regardless of the source
Protein in lower-quality feed is improved by microbial metabolism
Rumen has ability to convert non-protein sources of nitrogen into protein

Question 26

Vitamins

Answer 26

Essential for life
Do not produce energy when metabolized
are not broken down into building block units

Question 27

Vitamins function as _____ and _____

Answer 27

co-enzymes or parts of co-enzymes
Molecular structure is “key” to activate an enzyme
Examples: riboflavin and niacin required for breakdown of glucose

Question 28

Most vitamins must be _____ except for

Answer 28

Must be consumed in diet
Exceptions:
Vitamin D – made in skin
Vitamin K and biotin – made by bacteria in intestine
Vitamin A – made by conversion of beta carotene

Question 29

Water soluble vitamins are

Answer 29

Absorbed through GI wall when water is absorbed
Very few stored in body
Hypervitaminosis conditions rare
Excesses excreted in urine

Question 30

Water soluble vitamins examples

Answer 30

Vitamin C and 8 of the B-complex vitamins (except B12)

Question 31

Fat soluble vitamins group

Answer 31

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 32

Fat soluble vitamins function and location

Answer 32

Bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with ingesta
Stored in body (except for Vitamin K)
Possible toxicity due to hypervitaminosis

Question 33

Free radicals are genrated by and are disarmed by

Answer 33

Potentially harmful to body
Generated when carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are oxidized as part of normal metabolism
Disarmed by antioxidants
Vitamins A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E

Question 34

Minerals are

Answer 34

Inorganic substances essential for life
Non-energy producing
Work with other nutrients to ensure normal body function

Question 35

Types of chemical reactions

Answer 35

Redox
Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

Question 36

Redox oxidation rection is

Answer 36

To combine with oxygen
To lose hydrogen
To lose electrons

Question 37

Redox reduction reaction is

Answer 37

To lose oxygen
To combine with hydrogen
To gain electrons

Question 38

Redox reaction function

Answer 38

electron that is removed during the oxidation of an atom or molecule must be transferred to another atom or molecule, which is reduced

Question 39

Synthesis chemical reaction

Answer 39

Smaller molecules are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules
Example – amino acids joined to form a protein molecule
Occurs in body as an anabolic process

Question 40

Decomposition chemical reaction

Answer 40

Bonds in larger molecules are broken down resulting in smaller less complex molecules
Example – glycogen being broken down to glucose
Occur in body as a catabolic process

Question 41

Exchange chemical reaction

Answer 41

Bonds are broken and made
Example – ATP transfers a phosphate to glucose to make glucose-phosphate

Question 42

Factors influencing reaction rates

Answer 42

Concentration of reactants
Temperature of environment
Activation energy
Presence of a catalyst

Question 43

Which 4 vitamins can be manufactured by an animals body

Answer 43

D, K, Biotin, A

Question 44

3 classes of minerals

Answer 44

Macrominerals
Microminerals
Trace elements

Question 45

Digestion of food uses which type of chemical reaction

Answer 45

Decomposition

Question 46

What is a dietary source of saturated fatty acid

Answer 46

Meat, dairy, coconuts

Question 47

Three energy producing nutrient groups

Answer 47

Carb
Proteins
Fat (lipids)

Question 48

Cats fed a vegetarian diet can develop a deficiency of what essential nutrint

Answer 48

Taurine

Question 48

List two dietary sources of carb

Answer 48

Dairy products, legumes