Unit 2 of Final Exam Flashcards
Motor cortex
what is the function and a related disorder
sends out signals to move muscles
Hemiplegia or Apraxia
Explain the difference between direct motor pathway (pyramidal system) vs indirect motor pathway (extrapyramidal system) vs final common pathway.
Do they include LMN, UMN, or both?
Direct motor pathway aka pyramidal system
- is used for voluntary gross motor movements (walking, jumping)
- includes both UMN and LMN
Indirect motor pathway aka extrapyramidal system
- is used for involuntary movement (posture and reflexes)
- Only included LMN
Final common pathway
-the last leg of the signal from the brain stem to the muscles
- Only included LMN
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Transcortical sensory aphasia
site of lesion: temporoparietal region: angular gyrus and temporal lobe.
- fluent aphasia, but the verbal output is filled with paraphasias and echolalia, and auditory comprehension is impaired
-can imitate sentences
What is declarative memory? Explain the types
Declarative memory- consciously being able to recall memories
Episodic- a memory from episodes from someone’s life
Semantic- recall of facts and general knowledge
Auditory processing disorder
difficulty interpreting auditory sounds
Know how to explain the disorder, explain the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Aphasia
multimodality acquired language disorder
(there are different types of aphasia, KNOW THEM ALL)
Myasthenia Gravis is a neurological disease of the …
neuromuscular junction
The hippocampus encodes what kind of memory?
Declarative memories
Working memory
working memory= manipulation
This is where your mind manipulates information
List and explain the four types of attention
sustained: focus on one stimulus over a period of time - ex: reading a book
Alternating: Shifting focus from one task to another going back and forth. - ex: watching a lecture, having a conversation with your mom, and then going back to the lecture
Selective: focusing on a stimulus while ignoring other stimuli- ex- Reading a book while ignoring the tv
Divided: focusing on two stimuli at the same time- ex- watching a lecture and taking notes
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Huntington’s disease
- a progressive degenerative inherited diseases of the basal ganglia
- suffer from dyskinesia (uncontrolled movements)
- issues with balance
- dysarthria (hyperkinetic)
- swallowing is impaired (bolus transportation and formation)
What are the parts of the vestibular system structure? and what are the functions?
- Semicircular canals - balance
- Utricle and Saccule- send signals to the brain to tell the brain that the body is moving
- auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve tracts that project off the vestibular nerve
- medial vestibulospinal tract- (head and body alignment)
- lateral vestibulospinal tract (balance while bending)
What are the symptoms of right hemisphere damage?
characterized by communication and cognitive problems
- rambling speech
-poor comprehension and pragmatic skills
- lack of producing or interpreting emotion
- all forms of attention are affected
- deficits in episodic memory
-poor judgment and denial of deficits
What does dysphagia look like in the esophageal stage?
upper esophageal sphincter may be dysfunctional leading to the bolus not entering the esophagus
Achalasia- a condition where esophageal muscles fail to relax, resulting in pain and regurgitation
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Hippocampus
Memory
Dementia or Alzheimers
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Conduction Aphasia
site of lesion: arcuate fasciculus
- fluent verbal output with paraphasias (language errors) comprehension is good
- hallmark characteristic is repetitions and impaired writing
What is the difference between motor speech sound disorders versus language disorders?
Motor speech sound disorders deal with difficulties in executing speech due to motor planning and motor control
Language disorders include difficulties understanding and using language (this can be verbal, written, sign, etc.)
What is emotional intelligence?
Being able to recognize others and your own emotions
Aprosodia
difficulty with comprehending and expressing rhythm, tone, and pitch of their speech, making it sound flat or monotonous.
damage to the right hemisphere
What is consciousness?
The ability to be aware of the surroundings.
Sensorineural hearing loss
issues with the inner ear hair cells & cochlea
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Broca’s Aphasia
Hint to remember: Broca’s aphasia is broken speech
- difficulties with speech production, planning, and formation of words (same for writing)
- A person might have short incomplete sentences
- not able to imitate sentences
- auditory/reading comprehension is intact until language is more complex
- Site of lesion- Broca’s area - motor cortex of the frontal lobe
- nonfluent
Damage to the premotor cortex is associated with …?
Apraxia of Speech
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
supplementary motor cortex
helps plan and start voluntary movement
Parkinson’s
What are the symptoms due to damage to the cerebellum?
Ataxic which deals with a lack of coordination and balance
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Apraxia
a motor planning and programming disorder
- a person might make inconsistent or random sound errors
(different types of apraxia)
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive functioning?
The prefrontal cortex is important for restraint, initiative, and order, all involved with executive function.
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Alzheimer’s disease
- a progressive neurological disorder that results in intellectual decline
- most common form of dementia
- memory disorder, confusion and disorientation
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Insula
deals with empathy, compassion, fairness, and cooperation
Kluver-bucy syndrome and lability?
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Hydrocephalus
- large head
- if not treated it can lead to intracranial pressure leading to brain damage
What is nondeclarative memory? Explain the types
Nondeclarative memory—a type of memory that cannot be consciously brought into awareness—involves being learned.
Procedural memory- memory for skills and habits like riding a bike
Priming memory- a memory that involves an association between objects.
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Anomic aphasia
site of lesion: inferior temporal lobe
- fluent speech with good auditory comprehension
- the main characteristic is trouble with word selection (Anomia)
What are the symptoms due to damage to the basal ganglia?
results in Dyskinesias (hyperkinetic) - too many uncontrolled movements like tremors or tics
result in akinesias (hypokinetic) - not enough movement like rigidity
Explain the process of hearing
- the outer ear collects the sound waves
- the sound waves travel through the ear canal and then vibrate the tympanic membrane in the middle ear
- the vibration from the tympanic membrane moves the three ossicles, which amplifies the vibration to the oval window, which is a part of the cochlea in the inner ear. The fluid in the inner ear (cochlea) stimulates the hair cells, and the hair cells send electrical impulses to the auditory nerve.
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Transcortical motor area aphasia
site of lesion: frontal lobe anterior to Broca’s area
- nonfluent aphasia, but they can imitate sentences and have good comprehension
What are the neural structures involved with emotions?
limbic system = the brain’s emotional system
Made up of :
sensory cortex
cingulate cortex
hippocampus
hypothalamus
Thalamus
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Autism
- Developmental disability that impacts normal function of the brain
- problems with social interaction and communication
- trouble interpreting emotional behavior
-stereotyped behaviors (stimming)
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Cingulate cortex
Involved with identifying negative emotions and resolving emotional conflict
damage can result in decreased social behavior and reduced time spent with others
Depression
Pure word deafness
Can understand nonspeech sounds but not speech.
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Basal Ganglia
help control movement
Parkinson’s or Huntington disease
List and explain the stages of swallowing
- Oral preparatory stage ( 2 parts) -
1. Oral preparatory (Mastication) - chewing
-Trigeminal nerve innervates muscles for mastication - Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue to squeeze and move the bolus back
2. Oral preparatory (gland secretion) - Saliva works with chewing to break down food
- Pharyngeal phase
- important for keeping food and liquid out of the nasal cavity
-pharyngeal constriction (CN X vagus, IX glossopharyngeal) propels the bolus downward.
-Esophageal phase- the esophageal sphincter controlled by the CN X- vagus nerve relaxes to allow the bolus to move down the pharynx and then the esophagus with peristaltic waves moving it to the stomach.
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Cerebrospinal fluid
protects the brain and spinal fluid
if there is a leak this may result in headache dizziness ect
Myasthenia Gravis
“grave muscle weakness”
muscle fatigue
increased weakness with movement
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Ventricles
Ventricles are the spaces within the brain that hold csf. They are involved with the production, transport, and removal of CSF.
Hydrocephalus- too much CSF in the brain
Explain the difference between silent aspiration and aspiration
Aspiration is when the bolus penetrates the vocal cords
Silent aspiration is when there are no signs of aspiration (no cough)
Long term memory
Memories that last for days, weeks, months or years.
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Prefrontal cortex
Executive control
damage results in difficulties planning, sorting tasks etc
Frontal lobe syndrome
Dysarthria
a motor speech disorder due to weakness (flaccidity, atrophy ect)
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Brodmann’s area associated with speech/language Hearing
Brodman area 44 and 45 - Brocas area (Inferior frontal gyrus)
Speech production
aphasia
Brodman areas 41 and 42- Primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)
auditory information
auditory processing disorder
Brodman Area 22 - Wernick’es Area (superior temporal gyrus)
language comprehension
Wernicke’s aphasia
Brodman Area 39 - Angular gyrus
reading, writing, and comprehension
Agraphia
Brodman area 6 - Premotor cortex
planning and organizing movements
Apraxia
List the 3 domains of cognitive domains and identify a symptom of each.
Attention (ADHD)
Memory (Amnesia )
Executive functions (trouble planning and organizing)
Conductive hearing loss
issues with the delivery of sound to the inner ear or auditory nerve
TBI
an injury to the brain cause by the head being hit
- a person can have a headache or loss of consciousness
The basal ganglia encode what memories?
nondeclarative
What is the difference between upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) damage
Hint to remember: Hyper= up
- Upper motor neuron damage = spastic muscles due to Hypertonia ( too tight muscles) and Hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflexes)
- Lower motor neuron damage = flaccid due to hypotonia (low muscle tone) and hyporeflexia (weak reflexes)
What does dysphagia look like in the oral stage?
Motor problems can lead to paralysis, resulting in drooling. Someone might pocket food in their cheeks. & hyperactive gag
Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder
Amygdala
Deals with emotion
Liability or Kluver Bucy Syndrome
Degenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s)
vs
Acquires disorders (TBI)
degenerative- the brain is slowly decreasing and dying off due to a chemical imbalance
Acquired- something happened to the brain that wasn’t there before
Ataxia
a neurological condition that causes a loss of muscle coordination and balance
What are the two types of consciousness?
Explain both.
Core consciousness - the sense of ourselves (Awareness of the self here and now or our sense of the relationships between objects)
Extended/External consciousness- our sense of self in time (Thinking about ourselves in the future or past)
What are the names of the assessments used to test consciousness?
Glasgow Coma scale - measures the level of consciousness
Rancho’s level of cognition functioning - scale to help describe the recovery process
What are the symptoms of aphasia ?
Explain.
- anomia- trouble with word finding
- Apraxia- trouble with motor planning and execution of sounds
- para aphasia - language errors
- circumlocutions - talking around a word due to trouble word-finding
Agraphia- loss of writing abilities
Alexia- difficulties with reading
What are the disorders of emotion
Autism
Liability
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Short term memory
storage for small amounts of information needed in a short time.
What does dysphagia look like in the oral preparatory stage?
weakness in the muscles of mastication, leading to chewing problems
List and explain the 3 types of TBI
Penetrating Brain Injury- when an object breaks through the skull and enters the brain tissue
Closed Head injury(CHI) - when the head is hit but the object doesn’t enter the brain tissue
Diffuse Axonal Injuiry (DAI)- when forces cause neuron damage.
What are the parts of language, and how do they relate to a disorder discussed in class?
Form aka phonology, syntax, and morphology - the shape or form of language
Content aka semantics - the meaning of language
Use aka pragmatics- the practical use of language
Form- Phonological disorder
Content- Wrenick’es aphasia
Pragmatics- Autism
What does dysphagia look like in the pharyngeal stage?
Swallowing can be delayed, weak, or absent, putting the patient at risk for aspiration
What are the causes of dysphagia
(Neurological and mechanical causes)
Neurological causes:
Stroke
TBI
Spinal cord injury
Degenerative diseases
Brain tumors
Mechanical Causes
acute inflammations
cancer cervical
spinal disease
NG tubes
Artificial tubes
Ataxia
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
ALS- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- a progressive degenerative diseases of the upper and lower motor neurons
- muscles weaken over time
- first the oral stage is affected loss of lip and tongue movement causing difficulty in bolos formation
-issues with delayed swallow response - poor airway protection
-Eventually ASL patents will not be able to swallow safely.
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Global Aphasia
site of lesion- portions of the temporal and frontal lobes
All language modalities are impaired
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Parkinson disease
- progressive degenerative disease cause by degeneration of the subtania nigra & loss of neurotransmitter dopamine
- main symptoms bradykinesia (slow movement), rigidity and tremor
- dysphagia (mastication problems)
Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Hint to remember: Wernick’s aphasia is word salad
- difficulties understanding written and spoken language
- Can produce speech and make full sentences but what they are saying often doesn’t make sense.
- site of lesion- Wernicke’s area- temporal lobe
-fluent
True or False
The cochlea is tonotopically organized
True
what is the theory of mind & the neural structures?
The ability to understand: I have a brain, you have a brain, and our brains are different
cingulate cortex
Insular cortex
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Multiple Sclerosis
“multiple scarring”
-a progressive degenerative demylentating diseases caused by abnormal immune response
-dysphagia
- numbness, tremor, weaknesses, spasms, loss of balance, vision changes and hearing loss
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Specific language impairment (SLI)
a developmental disorder that affects the use and understanding of language
What type of stroke has the most effect on swallowing?
Brainstem stroke because the swallowing center is in the brainstem. (medulla oblongata)
Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.
Gullain- Barre Syndrome
-a peripheral nerve disease
- rapid onset of whole body paralysis
-all stages of swallow are affected
-demyelinating cells in the PNS
What are the parts of the auditory system?
-parts of the ear (middle, outer, inner)
- auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve
Difference between a stroke and a tumor
Stroke is sudden
A tumor is a progressive, slow-onset
What are the nerves for swallowing (5)
- V- trigeminal
- VII- facial
- IX- glossopharyngeal
- X-vagus
- XII- hypoglossal
What are the nerves for speech (4)
- V trigeminal
- VII- facial
- X- vagus
- XII- hypoglossal
