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Neurology > Unit 2 of Final Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 of Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Motor cortex

what is the function and a related disorder

A

sends out signals to move muscles

Hemiplegia or Apraxia

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2
Q

Explain the difference between direct motor pathway (pyramidal system) vs indirect motor pathway (extrapyramidal system) vs final common pathway.
Do they include LMN, UMN, or both?

A

Direct motor pathway aka pyramidal system
- is used for voluntary gross motor movements (walking, jumping)
- includes both UMN and LMN

Indirect motor pathway aka extrapyramidal system
- is used for involuntary movement (posture and reflexes)
- Only included LMN

Final common pathway
-the last leg of the signal from the brain stem to the muscles
- Only included LMN

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3
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

site of lesion: temporoparietal region: angular gyrus and temporal lobe.
- fluent aphasia, but the verbal output is filled with paraphasias and echolalia, and auditory comprehension is impaired
-can imitate sentences

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4
Q

What is declarative memory? Explain the types

A

Declarative memory- consciously being able to recall memories

Episodic- a memory from episodes from someone’s life

Semantic- recall of facts and general knowledge

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5
Q

Auditory processing disorder

A

difficulty interpreting auditory sounds

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6
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, explain the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Aphasia

A

multimodality acquired language disorder

(there are different types of aphasia, KNOW THEM ALL)

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7
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is a neurological disease of the …

A

neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

The hippocampus encodes what kind of memory?

A

Declarative memories

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9
Q

Working memory

A

working memory= manipulation
This is where your mind manipulates information

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10
Q

List and explain the four types of attention

A

sustained: focus on one stimulus over a period of time - ex: reading a book

Alternating: Shifting focus from one task to another going back and forth. - ex: watching a lecture, having a conversation with your mom, and then going back to the lecture

Selective: focusing on a stimulus while ignoring other stimuli- ex- Reading a book while ignoring the tv

Divided: focusing on two stimuli at the same time- ex- watching a lecture and taking notes

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11
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Huntington’s disease

A
  • a progressive degenerative inherited diseases of the basal ganglia
  • suffer from dyskinesia (uncontrolled movements)
  • issues with balance
  • dysarthria (hyperkinetic)
  • swallowing is impaired (bolus transportation and formation)
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12
Q

What are the parts of the vestibular system structure? and what are the functions?

A
  • Semicircular canals - balance
  • Utricle and Saccule- send signals to the brain to tell the brain that the body is moving
  • auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve tracts that project off the vestibular nerve
  • medial vestibulospinal tract- (head and body alignment)
  • lateral vestibulospinal tract (balance while bending)
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of right hemisphere damage?

A

characterized by communication and cognitive problems
- rambling speech
-poor comprehension and pragmatic skills
- lack of producing or interpreting emotion
- all forms of attention are affected
- deficits in episodic memory
-poor judgment and denial of deficits

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14
Q

What does dysphagia look like in the esophageal stage?

A

upper esophageal sphincter may be dysfunctional leading to the bolus not entering the esophagus
Achalasia- a condition where esophageal muscles fail to relax, resulting in pain and regurgitation

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15
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Hippocampus

A

Memory

Dementia or Alzheimers

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16
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Conduction Aphasia

A

site of lesion: arcuate fasciculus
- fluent verbal output with paraphasias (language errors) comprehension is good
- hallmark characteristic is repetitions and impaired writing

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17
Q

What is the difference between motor speech sound disorders versus language disorders?

A

Motor speech sound disorders deal with difficulties in executing speech due to motor planning and motor control
Language disorders include difficulties understanding and using language (this can be verbal, written, sign, etc.)

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18
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

Being able to recognize others and your own emotions

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19
Q

Aprosodia

A

difficulty with comprehending and expressing rhythm, tone, and pitch of their speech, making it sound flat or monotonous.

damage to the right hemisphere

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20
Q

What is consciousness?

A

The ability to be aware of the surroundings.

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21
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

issues with the inner ear hair cells & cochlea

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22
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Hint to remember: Broca’s aphasia is broken speech
- difficulties with speech production, planning, and formation of words (same for writing)
- A person might have short incomplete sentences
- not able to imitate sentences
- auditory/reading comprehension is intact until language is more complex
- Site of lesion- Broca’s area - motor cortex of the frontal lobe
- nonfluent

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23
Q

Damage to the premotor cortex is associated with …?

A

Apraxia of Speech

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24
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

supplementary motor cortex

A

helps plan and start voluntary movement

Parkinson’s

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25
Q

What are the symptoms due to damage to the cerebellum?

A

Ataxic which deals with a lack of coordination and balance

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26
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Apraxia

A

a motor planning and programming disorder

  • a person might make inconsistent or random sound errors

(different types of apraxia)

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27
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive functioning?

A

The prefrontal cortex is important for restraint, initiative, and order, all involved with executive function.

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28
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • a progressive neurological disorder that results in intellectual decline
  • most common form of dementia
  • memory disorder, confusion and disorientation
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29
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Insula

A

deals with empathy, compassion, fairness, and cooperation

Kluver-bucy syndrome and lability?

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30
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Hydrocephalus

A
  • large head
  • if not treated it can lead to intracranial pressure leading to brain damage
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31
Q

What is nondeclarative memory? Explain the types

A

Nondeclarative memory—a type of memory that cannot be consciously brought into awareness—involves being learned.

Procedural memory- memory for skills and habits like riding a bike
Priming memory- a memory that involves an association between objects.

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32
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Anomic aphasia

A

site of lesion: inferior temporal lobe
- fluent speech with good auditory comprehension
- the main characteristic is trouble with word selection (Anomia)

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33
Q

What are the symptoms due to damage to the basal ganglia?

A

results in Dyskinesias (hyperkinetic) - too many uncontrolled movements like tremors or tics

result in akinesias (hypokinetic) - not enough movement like rigidity

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34
Q

Explain the process of hearing

A
  • the outer ear collects the sound waves
  • the sound waves travel through the ear canal and then vibrate the tympanic membrane in the middle ear
  • the vibration from the tympanic membrane moves the three ossicles, which amplifies the vibration to the oval window, which is a part of the cochlea in the inner ear. The fluid in the inner ear (cochlea) stimulates the hair cells, and the hair cells send electrical impulses to the auditory nerve.
35
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Transcortical motor area aphasia

A

site of lesion: frontal lobe anterior to Broca’s area
- nonfluent aphasia, but they can imitate sentences and have good comprehension

36
Q

What are the neural structures involved with emotions?

A

limbic system = the brain’s emotional system
Made up of :
sensory cortex
cingulate cortex
hippocampus
hypothalamus
Thalamus

37
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Autism

A
  • Developmental disability that impacts normal function of the brain
  • problems with social interaction and communication
  • trouble interpreting emotional behavior
    -stereotyped behaviors (stimming)
38
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Cingulate cortex

A

Involved with identifying negative emotions and resolving emotional conflict

damage can result in decreased social behavior and reduced time spent with others

Depression

39
Q

Pure word deafness

A

Can understand nonspeech sounds but not speech.

40
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Basal Ganglia

A

help control movement

Parkinson’s or Huntington disease

41
Q

List and explain the stages of swallowing

A
  • Oral preparatory stage ( 2 parts) -
    1. Oral preparatory (Mastication) - chewing
    -Trigeminal nerve innervates muscles for mastication
  • Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue to squeeze and move the bolus back
    2. Oral preparatory (gland secretion)
  • Saliva works with chewing to break down food
  • Pharyngeal phase
  • important for keeping food and liquid out of the nasal cavity
    -pharyngeal constriction (CN X vagus, IX glossopharyngeal) propels the bolus downward.

-Esophageal phase- the esophageal sphincter controlled by the CN X- vagus nerve relaxes to allow the bolus to move down the pharynx and then the esophagus with peristaltic waves moving it to the stomach.

42
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects the brain and spinal fluid

if there is a leak this may result in headache dizziness ect

43
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

“grave muscle weakness”
muscle fatigue
increased weakness with movement

44
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Ventricles

A

Ventricles are the spaces within the brain that hold csf. They are involved with the production, transport, and removal of CSF.

Hydrocephalus- too much CSF in the brain

45
Q

Explain the difference between silent aspiration and aspiration

A

Aspiration is when the bolus penetrates the vocal cords
Silent aspiration is when there are no signs of aspiration (no cough)

46
Q

Long term memory

A

Memories that last for days, weeks, months or years.

47
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Prefrontal cortex

A

Executive control
damage results in difficulties planning, sorting tasks etc

Frontal lobe syndrome

48
Q

Dysarthria

A

a motor speech disorder due to weakness (flaccidity, atrophy ect)

49
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Brodmann’s area associated with speech/language Hearing

A

Brodman area 44 and 45 - Brocas area (Inferior frontal gyrus)
Speech production
aphasia

Brodman areas 41 and 42- Primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)
auditory information
auditory processing disorder

Brodman Area 22 - Wernick’es Area (superior temporal gyrus)
language comprehension
Wernicke’s aphasia

Brodman Area 39 - Angular gyrus
reading, writing, and comprehension
Agraphia

Brodman area 6 - Premotor cortex
planning and organizing movements
Apraxia

50
Q

List the 3 domains of cognitive domains and identify a symptom of each.

A

Attention (ADHD)
Memory (Amnesia )
Executive functions (trouble planning and organizing)

51
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

issues with the delivery of sound to the inner ear or auditory nerve

52
Q

TBI

A

an injury to the brain cause by the head being hit
- a person can have a headache or loss of consciousness

53
Q

The basal ganglia encode what memories?

A

nondeclarative

54
Q

What is the difference between upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) damage

A

Hint to remember: Hyper= up

  • Upper motor neuron damage = spastic muscles due to Hypertonia ( too tight muscles) and Hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflexes)
  • Lower motor neuron damage = flaccid due to hypotonia (low muscle tone) and hyporeflexia (weak reflexes)
55
Q

What does dysphagia look like in the oral stage?

A

Motor problems can lead to paralysis, resulting in drooling. Someone might pocket food in their cheeks. & hyperactive gag

56
Q

Know the function of the brain region and the associated disorder

Amygdala

A

Deals with emotion

Liability or Kluver Bucy Syndrome

57
Q

Degenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s)
vs
Acquires disorders (TBI)

A

degenerative- the brain is slowly decreasing and dying off due to a chemical imbalance

Acquired- something happened to the brain that wasn’t there before

58
Q

Ataxia

A

a neurological condition that causes a loss of muscle coordination and balance

59
Q

What are the two types of consciousness?
Explain both.

A

Core consciousness - the sense of ourselves (Awareness of the self here and now or our sense of the relationships between objects)

Extended/External consciousness- our sense of self in time (Thinking about ourselves in the future or past)

60
Q

What are the names of the assessments used to test consciousness?

A

Glasgow Coma scale - measures the level of consciousness
Rancho’s level of cognition functioning - scale to help describe the recovery process

61
Q

What are the symptoms of aphasia ?
Explain.

A
  • anomia- trouble with word finding
  • Apraxia- trouble with motor planning and execution of sounds
  • para aphasia - language errors
  • circumlocutions - talking around a word due to trouble word-finding
    Agraphia- loss of writing abilities
    Alexia- difficulties with reading
62
Q

What are the disorders of emotion

A

Autism
Liability
Kluver-Bucy syndrome

63
Q

Short term memory

A

storage for small amounts of information needed in a short time.

64
Q

What does dysphagia look like in the oral preparatory stage?

A

weakness in the muscles of mastication, leading to chewing problems

65
Q

List and explain the 3 types of TBI

A

Penetrating Brain Injury- when an object breaks through the skull and enters the brain tissue

Closed Head injury(CHI) - when the head is hit but the object doesn’t enter the brain tissue

Diffuse Axonal Injuiry (DAI)- when forces cause neuron damage.

66
Q

What are the parts of language, and how do they relate to a disorder discussed in class?

A

Form aka phonology, syntax, and morphology - the shape or form of language
Content aka semantics - the meaning of language
Use aka pragmatics- the practical use of language

Form- Phonological disorder
Content- Wrenick’es aphasia
Pragmatics- Autism

67
Q

What does dysphagia look like in the pharyngeal stage?

A

Swallowing can be delayed, weak, or absent, putting the patient at risk for aspiration

68
Q

What are the causes of dysphagia
(Neurological and mechanical causes)

A

Neurological causes:
Stroke
TBI
Spinal cord injury
Degenerative diseases
Brain tumors

Mechanical Causes
acute inflammations
cancer cervical
spinal disease
NG tubes
Artificial tubes

69
Q

Ataxia

A
70
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

ALS- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A
  • a progressive degenerative diseases of the upper and lower motor neurons
  • muscles weaken over time
  • first the oral stage is affected loss of lip and tongue movement causing difficulty in bolos formation
    -issues with delayed swallow response
  • poor airway protection
    -Eventually ASL patents will not be able to swallow safely.
71
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Global Aphasia

A

site of lesion- portions of the temporal and frontal lobes
All language modalities are impaired

72
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Parkinson disease

A
  • progressive degenerative disease cause by degeneration of the subtania nigra & loss of neurotransmitter dopamine
  • main symptoms bradykinesia (slow movement), rigidity and tremor
  • dysphagia (mastication problems)
73
Q

Explain the type of aphasia and symptoms and list the site of the lesion

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Hint to remember: Wernick’s aphasia is word salad
- difficulties understanding written and spoken language
- Can produce speech and make full sentences but what they are saying often doesn’t make sense.
- site of lesion- Wernicke’s area- temporal lobe
-fluent

74
Q

True or False
The cochlea is tonotopically organized

A

True

75
Q

what is the theory of mind & the neural structures?

A

The ability to understand: I have a brain, you have a brain, and our brains are different

cingulate cortex
Insular cortex

76
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Multiple Sclerosis

A

“multiple scarring”
-a progressive degenerative demylentating diseases caused by abnormal immune response
-dysphagia
- numbness, tremor, weaknesses, spasms, loss of balance, vision changes and hearing loss

77
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Specific language impairment (SLI)

A

a developmental disorder that affects the use and understanding of language

78
Q

What type of stroke has the most effect on swallowing?

A

Brainstem stroke because the swallowing center is in the brainstem. (medulla oblongata)

79
Q

Know how to explain the disorder, expalin the effect on the brain, symptoms of cognition, swallow, communication.

Gullain- Barre Syndrome

A

-a peripheral nerve disease
- rapid onset of whole body paralysis
-all stages of swallow are affected
-demyelinating cells in the PNS

80
Q

What are the parts of the auditory system?

A

-parts of the ear (middle, outer, inner)
- auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve

81
Q

Difference between a stroke and a tumor

A

Stroke is sudden
A tumor is a progressive, slow-onset

82
Q

What are the nerves for swallowing (5)

A
  • V- trigeminal
  • VII- facial
  • IX- glossopharyngeal
  • X-vagus
  • XII- hypoglossal
83
Q

What are the nerves for speech (4)

A
  • V trigeminal
  • VII- facial
  • X- vagus
  • XII- hypoglossal

Neurology (5 decks)

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