Neuro midterm Flashcards
Week 1- 6
What type of cells are in the CNS and what is their function?
Neurons- transfer information throughout the body
Oligodendrogolia- produces myelin
Microglia- defend the nervous system by warding off foreign invaders
What type of cells are in the PNS and what is their function?
Neuron - transfers information throughout the body
Schwann cells-produce myelin
Satellite cells- help nourish neurons and maintain the neuronal environment
What are the myelinating cells of the PNS?
Schwann cells
What are the myelinating cells of the CNS?
Oligodendrogolia
What are the components of a neuron?
Dendrites
nucleus
cell body (soma)
axon and axon hillock
nodes of Ranvier
myelin sheaths
function of the dendrites
(parts of the neuron)
receive signals
function of Nucleus
(parts of the neuron)
Controls the center of the cell
function of the Cell body (soma)
(parts of the neuron)
combines the signals coming in so the axon hillock can collect the action potential
Function of the Axon hillock
(parts of the neuron)
connects the soma and the axon
collects all the incoming information from the soma (action potential)
Nodes Ranvier
(parts of the neuron)
the gaps in the myelin sheath of the axon
Myelin sheath
(parts of the neuron)
allows the action potential to quickly run down the axon
Terminal button/Axon terminal
the end of the axon that makes contact w/ another neuron at the synapse
What are the main cerebral arteries?
Anterior cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
What cerebral arteries supply the frontal lobe?
Middle and anterior cerebral arteries
The CNS is made up of the …
Brain and the spinal cord
The PNS is made up of the..
spinal nerves and cranial nerves
What is the main function of the frontal lobe?
cognitive functions (Reasoning), speech, and expressive language
What is the main function of the parietal lobe?
Touch perception and interpretation and emotion
What is the main function of the occipital lobe?
visual perception and interpretation (basically vision)
What is the main function of the temporal lobe?
Receptive language and long-term memory
What are the three types of fibers in the CNS and explain.
- Association fibers- link areas with each hemisphere
- Projection fibers- Connect cortex to lower CNS and PNS.
- Commissural fibers- connect the hemispheres (corpus callosum)
Pre-frontal cortex (in the frontal lobe)
Cognitive functions: Problem-solving, planning, and decision-making
Emotional and social behavior regulation
Primary motor cortex
Sends motor plans to muscles for movement (e.g., speech muscles)
Pre motor cortex
Plans and sequences motor movements
What are the parts of the brainstem
Pons
Medulla
midbrain
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
- supplies blood to all lobes of the brain on the lateral sides
- main supply for the
speech and language
areas and sensory
motor areas - main artery involved with aphasia
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
supplies the prefrontal (motor), frontal, and parietal lobe
damage to the ACA= cognitive dysfunction, planning, and decision making
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Supplies blood to the anterior and
posterior inferior temporal lobes
as well as the inferior and medial
occipital lobes
Damage to the PCA= damage to visual, memory, sensory, and facial recognition and confusion
What are the neurodevelopment stages?
- dorsal induction- period when the neural tube is formed
- Ventral induction- when the face and brain develop out of the superior end of the neural tube
- Neural proliferation/neurogenesis- the birth of new neurons (Microcephaly- where children have abnormal heads)
- Neuronal migration- new neurons move into their correct positions
- cortical organization- once the neurons arrive at their intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons
- Myelination- axons are coated with myelin
What are the two types of strokes and explain them.
- Ischemic (Cerebral vascular Accident- CVA)- blockage of the arteries within or leading to the brain
- Hemorrhagic (Cerebral vascular Accident- CVA)- bleeding to the brain due to rupture of weekend blood vessels.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
coordination and precision of fine motor movements
the function of the thalamus
a relay station for sensory fibers
function of the cingulate cortex
Supports attention, motivation, and emotional responses.
Regulates emotional expressions and autonomic functions.
(basically emotional regulation and cognitive task)
Hippocampus
Key for forming and retrieving memories.
Striatum
made up of the caudate and putamen
striatum means stripped
central sulcus
separates the frontal and parietal lobe
What arteries supply the brain with blood?
Vertebral and Internal carotid
What is the blood-brain barrier function?
Are babies’ BBB (blood-brain barrier) completely developed?
protects the brain from foreign substances getting into the blood.
NO
What are the three layers of meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord? Explain
- Dura Mater -tough outer layer
- Arachnoid Mater -Spiderweb-like layer, with subarachnoid space holding blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
-Pia mater -Thin layer adhering directly to the brain’s surface
