Neuro midterm

Question 1

What type of cells are in the CNS and what is their function?

Answer 1

Neurons- transfer information throughout the body
Oligodendrogolia- produces myelin
Microglia- defend the nervous system by warding off foreign invaders

Question 1

What type of cells are in the PNS and what is their function?

Answer 1

Neuron - transfers information throughout the body
Schwann cells-produce myelin
Satellite cells- help nourish neurons and maintain the neuronal environment

Question 2

What are the myelinating cells of the PNS?

Answer 2

Schwann cells

Question 3

What are the myelinating cells of the CNS?

Answer 3

Oligodendrogolia

Question 4

What are the components of a neuron?

Answer 4

Dendrites
nucleus
cell body (soma)
axon and axon hillock
nodes of Ranvier
myelin sheaths

Question 5

function of the dendrites
(parts of the neuron)

Answer 5

receive signals

Question 6

function of Nucleus
(parts of the neuron)

Answer 6

Controls the center of the cell

Question 7

function of the Cell body (soma)
(parts of the neuron)

Answer 7

combines the signals coming in so the axon hillock can collect the action potential

Question 8

Function of the Axon hillock
(parts of the neuron)

Answer 8

connects the soma and the axon
collects all the incoming information from the soma (action potential)

Question 9

Nodes Ranvier
(parts of the neuron)

Answer 9

the gaps in the myelin sheath of the axon

Question 10

Myelin sheath
(parts of the neuron)

Answer 10

allows the action potential to quickly run down the axon

Question 11

Terminal button/Axon terminal

Answer 11

the end of the axon that makes contact w/ another neuron at the synapse

Question 12

What are the main cerebral arteries?

Answer 12

Anterior cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery

Question 13

What cerebral arteries supply the frontal lobe?

Answer 13

Middle and anterior cerebral arteries

Question 14

The CNS is made up of the …

Answer 14

Brain and the spinal cord

Question 15

The PNS is made up of the..

Answer 15

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 16

What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 16

cognitive functions (Reasoning), speech, and expressive language

Question 17

What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 17

Touch perception and interpretation and emotion

Question 18

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 18

visual perception and interpretation (basically vision)

Question 19

What is the main function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 19

Receptive language and long-term memory

Question 20

What are the three types of fibers in the CNS and explain.

Answer 20

• Association fibers- link areas with each hemisphere
• Projection fibers- Connect cortex to lower CNS and PNS.
• Commissural fibers- connect the hemispheres (corpus callosum)

Question 21

Pre-frontal cortex (in the frontal lobe)

Answer 21

Cognitive functions: Problem-solving, planning, and decision-making
Emotional and social behavior regulation

Question 22

Primary motor cortex

Answer 22

Sends motor plans to muscles for movement (e.g., speech muscles)

Question 23

Pre motor cortex

Answer 23

Plans and sequences motor movements

Question 24

What are the parts of the brainstem

Answer 24

Pons
Medulla
midbrain

Question 25

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Answer 25

• supplies blood to all lobes of the brain on the lateral sides
• main supply for the
  speech and language
  areas and sensory
  motor areas
• main artery involved with aphasia

Question 26

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

Answer 26

supplies the prefrontal (motor), frontal, and parietal lobe
damage to the ACA= cognitive dysfunction, planning, and decision making

Question 27

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Answer 27

Supplies blood to the anterior and
posterior inferior temporal lobes
as well as the inferior and medial
occipital lobes
Damage to the PCA= damage to visual, memory, sensory, and facial recognition and confusion

Question 28

What are the neurodevelopment stages?

Answer 28

• dorsal induction- period when the neural tube is formed
• Ventral induction- when the face and brain develop out of the superior end of the neural tube
• Neural proliferation/neurogenesis- the birth of new neurons (Microcephaly- where children have abnormal heads)
• Neuronal migration- new neurons move into their correct positions
• cortical organization- once the neurons arrive at their intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons
• Myelination- axons are coated with myelin

Question 29

What are the two types of strokes and explain them.

Answer 29

• Ischemic (Cerebral vascular Accident- CVA)- blockage of the arteries within or leading to the brain
• Hemorrhagic (Cerebral vascular Accident- CVA)- bleeding to the brain due to rupture of weekend blood vessels.

Question 30

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 30

coordination and precision of fine motor movements

Question 31

the function of the thalamus

Answer 31

a relay station for sensory fibers

Question 32

function of the cingulate cortex

Answer 32

Supports attention, motivation, and emotional responses.
Regulates emotional expressions and autonomic functions.
(basically emotional regulation and cognitive task)

Question 33

Hippocampus

Answer 33

Key for forming and retrieving memories.

Question 34

Striatum

Answer 34

made up of the caudate and putamen
striatum means stripped

Question 35

central sulcus

Answer 35

separates the frontal and parietal lobe

Question 36

What arteries supply the brain with blood?

Answer 36

Vertebral and Internal carotid

Question 37

What is the blood-brain barrier function?

Are babies’ BBB (blood-brain barrier) completely developed?

Answer 37

protects the brain from foreign substances getting into the blood.
NO

Question 38

What are the three layers of meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord? Explain

Answer 38

• Dura Mater -tough outer layer
• Arachnoid Mater -Spiderweb-like layer, with subarachnoid space holding blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  -Pia mater -Thin layer adhering directly to the brain’s surface