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Health Science > Unit 2 - Nutrition, Digestion, Excretion > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Nutrition, Digestion, Excretion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrates - function

A
  • important source of energy
  • body prefers carbohydrates over all other available sources
  • must be obtained from other organisms
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2
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

glucose + glucose -> maltose + water

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

sucrose + water -> glucose + fructose

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4
Q

7 roles of proteins

A
  1. Structural
  2. Contractile
  3. Storage
  4. Defence
  5. Transport
  6. Signal
  7. Enzymes
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5
Q

Enzymes - function

A
  • act to catalyze activation energies of chemical reactions
  • digestive enzymes are enzymes that break down food into usable material
  • shape of enzyme must match substrate
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6
Q

Enzymatic reaction

A
  1. Enzyme binds loosely to substrate at active site
  2. Chemical change takes place at active site, resulting in two products
  3. Products are released from active site
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7
Q

Lipids - function

A
  • source of energy
  • long term storage
  • for making cell membranes and hormones, and for bringing in certain vitamins that are fat soluble
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8
Q

Fats and oils

A
  • made from two different molecules, glycerol and fatty acids
  • formula for fat formation is 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
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9
Q

Saturated fats

A
  • carbon chains have single bonds; strong and hard to break down
  • butter, lard, coconut oil
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10
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A
  • one double bond between two carbons; less hydrogens present than in saturated fats
  • olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
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11
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A
  • more than one double bond between carbons; way less hydrogen
  • fatty fish oil, avocado oil
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12
Q

Waxes

A
  • long chained fatty acids combined with long chained alcohols
  • creates insoluble molecules which act as waterproof coating for leaves, feathers, and fur
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13
Q

Steroids

A
  • structurally different from other lipids
  • consist of four linked rings of carbon atoms
  • functions include chemical messengers (hormones), digestion (bile acids), and cell membrane structure (cholesterol)
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14
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • “one sugar”

- three types are glucose (aka blood sugar), fructose (aka fruit sugar), and galactose

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15
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • “two sugars”
  • formed chemically by the joining of two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis
  • sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (beer/bread making)
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16
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • few hundred to few thousand monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis
  • starch (plant storage), glycogen (animal storage), cellulose (plant fibre), chitin (protective exoskeletons of arthropods)
  • can be split through hydrolysis
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17
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Mouth: biting and chewing
Stomach: layers of muscle contract and churn

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18
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Mouth: saliva contains enzyme called amylase, digests starch molecules
Stomach: an enzyme called pepsin, and hydrochloric acid, digest large proteins into smaller proteins
Small intestine: pancreatic enzymes digest nutrients into simpler forms, bile assists in fat digestion (breaks down fat globules), protein digestion is accomplished by several enzymes

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19
Q

Where are carbs digested?

A

The mouth and small intestine

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20
Q

Where are proteins digested?

A

The stomach and small intestine

21
Q

Where are lipids digested?

A

The small intestine

22
Q

Examples of enzymes involved in digestion

A

Amylase digests starch
Pepsin digests proteins
Lipase digests lipids

23
Q

Stages of digestion

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intestine
24
Q

Digestion in the mouth

A
  • food changed mechanically by biting and chewing
  • saliva binds food particles together into a soft mass called a bolus
  • amylase digests stars molecules into smaller molecules (maltose)
25
Q

Digestion in the esophagus

A
  • esophagus is a thick walled muscular tube

- bolus moves through esophagus by peristalsis: rhythmic series of muscular contractions

26
Q

Digestion in the stomach

A
  • layers of muscle contract and churn food with gastric juices to form chyme
  • enzyme called pepsin, and hydrochloric acid, digest large proteins into smaller proteins
  • alcohol and sugar are absorbed by the stomach into the blood stream
  • stomach stores food and prepares it for further digestion
27
Q

Digestion in small intestine

A
  • chyme enters through sphincter
  • pancreatic enzymes digest nutrients into simpler forms
  • bile enters from gall bladder to assist in fat digestion
  • polypeptides are broken into amino acids
  • most absorption occurs in the ilium
  • products enter cells of villi, enter capillaries
  • diffusion accounts for movement of most nutrients, but active transport is responsible for movement of glucose and amino acids
  • absorption is completed in the jejunum
28
Q

Digestion in large intestine

A
  • substances not absorbed pass into large intestine
  • main functions are to absorb water and to store, process, and eliminate residue following digestion and absorption
  • intestinal matter (feces) remaining are stored in the rectum and passed out through the anus
29
Q

Pancreas - function

A

secretes many digestive enzymes

30
Q

Liver

A
  • produces bile; mixture of salts, pigments, and cholesterol that breaks down globules of fat in the small intestine
  • bile stored in gall bladder
31
Q

Villi

A
  • fingerlike projections on inner surface of small intestine

- contain small blood vessels that absorb nutrients

32
Q

Microvilli

A

projections of cells on each villus that increases the surface area

33
Q

Duodenum

A

first part of small intestine

34
Q

Ilium

A

middle of small intestine, where most absorption takes place

35
Q

Jejunum

A

final part of small intestine, where absorption is completed

36
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Produce hormone adrenal

37
Q

Kidney

A
  • humans have two kidneys, located one behind the stomach and one behind the liver, in the small of the back
  • excretion of water is closely regulated by the kidneys, as well as the chemical composition of blood
  • the kidneys filter blood
38
Q

Ureter

A
  • tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
39
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Muscular sac that stores urine until it can be excreted

40
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of the body

41
Q

Renal artery

A

Carries blood to kidney

42
Q

Renal vein

A

Carries blood away from kidney

43
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Inner portion of kidney that connects to ureter; funnels urine

44
Q

Nephron

A
  • basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
  • each kidney has about one million, located in the cortex
  • primary function is to filter blood
  • three major parts
45
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • bed of capillaries

- blood enters kidney from renal artery and moves into glomerulus where filtration occurs

46
Q

Filtration

A
  • process of water and dissolved particles being pulled out of the blood
  • resulting liquid is called filtrate (contains water and toxic substances that might have accumulated in blood like ammonia, glucose, vitamins, etc.)
47
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A
  • glomerulus is enclosed by Bowman’s capsule
  • small molecules and water pass through this area, larger molecules remain in capillaries
  • filtrate is collected in Bowman’s capsule for transport
48
Q

Tubules

A
  • filtrate moves in proximal tubule, water and nutrients are reabsorbed into blood
  • wastes remaining in blood even after filtration are passed to tubules
  • filtrate flows into Loop of Henle, concentrated by removing more water, then passes to distal tubule
  • waste and toxic substances are passed from blood into filtrate; process called secretion
  • travels to collecting duct, now called urine, prepared for transport out of body
  • collected in renal pelvis, enters ureter, then goes to bladder
49
Q

Flow of filtrate through the nephron

A

glomerulus -> Bowman’s capsule -> proximal tubule -> Loop of Henle -> distal tubule -> collecting duct -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder

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