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BIOLOGY 30 FINALS > UNIT 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE > Flashcards

UNIT 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who is the German scientist who concluded that all PLANTS are composed of cells.

A

Mattias Schleiden

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2
Q

who is the German scientist who declared that all ANIMAL TISSUES were made up of cells?

A

Theodore Schwann

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3
Q

who is the Prussian physician that proposed that every cell came from a cell that already existed?

A

Rudolf Vichow

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4
Q

what is cell theory?

A

-all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
-all cells comes from preexisting cells

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5
Q

what is a compound light microscope?

A

-utilizes series of glass lenses and visible to light to magnify image
-magnifies up to 1,000 time of actual size

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6
Q

what is an electron microscope?

A

-utilizes magnetss to aim a beam of electrons at cell to produce image
-magnifies up to 500,000 times the actual size

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7
Q

what are the three type of electron microscopes?

A

-Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
-Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
-Scanning Tunneling electron Microscope (STM)

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8
Q

what is transmission electron microscope?

A

-uses magnets to aim beam of electrons to create an image
-500,00x
-used in non-living specimen

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9
Q

what is scanning electrom microscope?

A

-produces 3d image of the cell
-used in non-living specimen

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10
Q

what is scanning tunneling electron microscope?

A

can magnify LIVING cells

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11
Q

describe prokaryotic cell.

A

-simple structure
-contains plasma membrane
-no nucleus
-does not contain membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

describe eukaryotic cell.

A

-more complex structure
-contains plasma membrane
-have nucleus
-contains membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts)

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13
Q

describe plasma membrane (cell membrane).

A

-thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment

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14
Q

what does the plasma membrane allows?

A

-allows nutrients into the cell
-allows waste to leave the cell

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15
Q

what is selective permeability (semi-permeable)?

A

plasma membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of cell

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16
Q

what does the semi-permeable controls?

A

controls the amount of..
-substance entering the cell
-substance leaving the cell

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17
Q

what is plasma membrane composed of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

what does a phospholipid molecule composed of?

A

-glycerol backbone
-phosphate group
-two fatty acid chains

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19
Q

what is fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipid bilayer allows other molecule to float

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20
Q

what are the other components of fluid mosaic model?

A

-proteins
-carbs
-cholesterol

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21
Q

what is the main role of protein in the plasma membrane?

A

-provide pathways for substances to enter and leave
-transmit signals inside the cell
-act as support structure

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22
Q

what is the main role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

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23
Q

what is the main role of carbs to the plasma membrane?

A

identify chemical signals

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24
Q

describe cilia. what is its function?

A

-short, numerous projections that look like hairs
-mobility

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25
Q

describe flagella. what is the function of flagella?

A

-longer and less numerous than cilia
-create movement with a whiplikw motion

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26
Q

what is the main function of nucleus?

A

control centre of the cell

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27
Q

what is the main function of mitochondria?

A

energy release

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28
Q

what is the main function of golgi apparatus?

A

packaging and secretion

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29
Q

what is the main function of lysosome?

A

digestion

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30
Q

where does centrioles arise from?

A

region of cytoplasm called centrosome

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31
Q

what cell structure occur in pairs and important for cell division?

A

centrioles

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32
Q

what cell structure occur in pairs and important for cell division?

A

centrioles

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33
Q

what happens to pair of centrioles during cell division?

A

migrate to opposite poles of the cell and produce microtubules of the spindles

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34
Q

what is the main function endoplasmic reticulum?

A

detoxification and transport

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35
Q

what is the main function of ribosomes?

A

protein construction

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36
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

matrix that contains all of the different organelles.

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37
Q

cytoplasm can be seen moving called?

A

cytoplasmic streaming

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38
Q

what does phospholipid bilayer form?

A

majority of the membrane

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39
Q

when and who are the people who proposed fluid mosaic model?

A

1972 by J Singer and G Nicholson

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40
Q

what cell structure can ONLY be found in PLANTS?

A

chloroplasts

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41
Q

chloroplasts are bound by?

A

double membrane called chloroplast envelope

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42
Q

this is inside the chloroplast, described as colorless matrix?

A

stroma

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43
Q

this structure/organelle is floating in the stroma. they stack together which form?

A

thylakoids,granum

44
Q

grana can be interconnected by tubular extensions called?

A

intergranal lamellae

45
Q

define starch grains

A

act as temporary stores for carbs fromed durinh photosynthesis

46
Q

what is vacuole? it is surrounded by?

A

large fluid filled sac, membrane called tonoplast

47
Q

what is vacuole? it is surrounded by?

A

large fluid filled sac, membrane called tonoplast

48
Q

what is the main function of vacuole?

A

storage site and provides support for plant cells

49
Q

what is plasmodesmata?

A

gaps in the cell wall that allow neighbouring cells to link together

50
Q

what is cell wall made of? this is located in?

A

-cellulose microfibrils
-polyssacharide matrix

51
Q

what does cell wall provide?

A

strength and support and provides pathway for water

52
Q

in cell diversity, what are the structures that plant cells have but animal cells are lack of?

A

plastids and large central vacuole

53
Q

define microtubules.

A

hollow tubes of protein called tubulin which serves as tracks for organelle movement

54
Q

define microfilaments.

A

made of two strands of protein molecules twisted together

55
Q

what cell shape is described as a long and threadlike?

A

neurons (cells in the NS)

56
Q

what is the function of neurons?

A

carry infor from areas of your body to your brain

57
Q

what shape of a cell is described as round disks?

A

blood cells

58
Q

what can blood cells do?

A

squeeze through tiny blood vessels

59
Q

how big is a cell?

A

they vary in size and shape, but most celly are only aboout 25 micrometer.

60
Q

what does the number of cells determine?

A

organism’s total size

61
Q

in semi-permeable membrane, what substances can pass through?

A

small, uncharged molecules

62
Q

in semi-permeable membrane, what substances cannot pass through?

A

large molecules and some particles with strong electrical charge

63
Q

molecules can enter and exit a cell through?

A

-paasive transport
-bulk transport
-active transport

64
Q

what is passive transport?

A

movement of particles across the cell membrane WITHOUT using energy (movement is down the concentration gradient).

65
Q

what is passive transport?

A

movement of particles across the cell membrane WITHOUT using energy (movement is down the concentration gradient).

66
Q

what are the three modes of passive transport?

A

-diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-osmosis

67
Q

what arrangement of concentration is in the passive transport?

A

high to low concentration

68
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of particles from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

69
Q

diffusion is controlled by?

A

-temperature
-pressure
-concentration

70
Q

what happens to the dynamic equilibrium of diffusion?

A

molecules ccontinue to move but the overall concentration remains the same

71
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

-movement of materials across plasma membtranes using proteins
-still does not require energy
-movement is from high to low concentration

72
Q

what is the difference between channel protein and carrier protein?

A

-CHANNEL PROTEIN interact with solute to be transported
-CARRIER PROTEIN is like a lock and key that only bind specific molecule

73
Q

what factors can influence the rate of diffusion?

A

-temperature
-state of the solvent
-size of the molecules
-steepness of diffusion gradient
-permeability
-membrane structure

74
Q

how does temperature affect rate of diffusion?

A

increases speed of diffusion

75
Q

how does state of solvent affect rate of diffusion?

A

diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids and much faster in liquids than in solids

76
Q

how does state of solvent affect rate of diffusion?

A

diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids and much faster in liquids than in solids

77
Q

how does size of molecules affect rate of diffusion?

A

larger molecule, the slower it diffuse

78
Q

how does steepness of diffusion gradient affect rate of diffusion?

A

greater concentration gradient, the faster it diffuse

79
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
moves from high to low concentration
water moves from areas of low solute (high H2O) concentration to high solute (H2O) concentration

80
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
moves from high to low concentration
water moves from areas of low solute (high H2O) concentration to high solute (H2O) concentration

81
Q

what are the three types of solutions?

A

-isotonic
-hypotonic
-hypertonic

82
Q

what is active transport?

A

movement of particles across the cell membrane USING ENERGY.

83
Q

what is the concentration gradient in active transport?

A

low to high concentration

84
Q

what type of active transport pump moves three na+ ions OUT of the cell and two k+ INTO the cell?

A

NA+/K+ ATPase pump (sodium-potassium pumps)

85
Q

what is the result of NA+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

electrical gradient

86
Q

what is the role of carrier proteins in active transport?

A

pumps the use energy (ATP) to move ions and molecules

87
Q

what is bulk transport?

A

large molecules, food, and other substances are packaged in a membrane-bound sacs and moved across membrane

88
Q

what ios endocytosis?

A

endo (indoor)-folds into pouch that encloses particles

89
Q

what is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

-PHAGO-cell engulfs FOOD particles
-PINO-cell engulfs drop of a LIQUID

90
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

secretion of materials OUT of the plasma membrane

91
Q

what is the function of ocular eyepiece?

A

the lens you look through when viewing an object

92
Q

what is the function of ocular tube?

A

hollow tube that supports the ocular and allow light to pass from objectives to lens

93
Q

what is the function of the arm (c-shaped support)?

A

used for carrying the instrument

94
Q

what is the function of the revolving nosepiece?

A

contains 2-4 lenses of different magnifications and is able to rotate

95
Q

what is the function of the objective lenses?

A

complex lenses positioned above the slide to view object.
-shortest is the low-power
-longest if the high-power

96
Q

what is the function of the coarse focusing knob?

A

used to roughly focus the lens on an object (ONLY FOR LOW-POWER)

97
Q

what is the function of the fine focusing knob?

A

moves stage or ocular tube a small distance (used for HIGH-POWER)

98
Q

what is the function of the stage (with clips)?

A

supports the slide, opening permits light to illuminate the object on the slide

99
Q

what is the function of the iris (or disk) diaphragm and condenser ?

A

regulates the amount of light reaching the slide

100
Q

what is the function of the light source (lamp/mirror)?

A

reflects light through the hole in the stage and must be adjusted for max light

101
Q

what is the function of the inclination joint?

A

moveable joint found on upright microscopes

102
Q

what is the function of the inclination joint?

A

moveable joint found on upright microscopes

103
Q

what is the function of the base?

A

supports the weight of microscope

104
Q

what is energy?

A

ability to do work

105
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

study of flow and transformation of energy in the universe

BIOLOGY 30 FINALS (5 decks)

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