short answers Flashcards
cell size
-cells vary in shape and size; small cells have larger SA than Volume ratio
cell structure
-phopholipid bilayer
-cholesterol
-carbs
-protein
cell transport
-semi-permeable (some things can enter like small, uncharged molecules, some cannot like large molecules and particles with high electric charge)
-passive transport (movement of particles across cell WITHOUT use of energy); 3 modes (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)
-active transport (movement of particles across cell USING energy)
-bulk transport (large molecules, food, and other substances are packaged in membrane-bound sacs and moved across membrane)
what is diffusion?
movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration
controlled by temp., pressure, concentration
what is facilitated diffusion?
-movement of materials across plasma membrane using PROTEINS
-not require energy
-movement is from high to low concentration
what factors influence rate of diffusion?
-temp.
-state of solvent
-size of molecules
-steepness of diffusion gradient
-permeability
-membrane structure
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water from high to low concentration
water moves areas from low solute (high h2o) concentration to high solute (low h2o) concentration
what are the differences between the three types of solutions of osmosis?
-isotonic- same solute concentration in and out of cell
-hypotonic-cell swells (high conc inside)
-hypertonic-cell shrivels (high conc outside)
sexual reproduction
what are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
MITOSIS
-one division
-two daughter cells (diploid 2n)
-daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell
-enables multicellular adult to arise from adult (produces cells for growth and repair)
MEIOSIS
-two divisions
-four daughter cells (haploid n)
-daughter cells genetically non-identical to parent cell and to each other
-produces gametes (reduces chromosome number by half)
microscopy calculations for
rq
medium power (10x)
high power (40x) ; (rq, FOV)
RQ= (HP) DIVIDED BY (LP)
FOV (MP)=(LP FOV) DIVIDED BY (RQ)
HIGH POWER
RQ=HP DIVIDED BY LP
FOV (HP)= (LP FOV) DIVIDED BY (RQ)
microscopy calculations for
size of organisms
magnification of drawing
SOO= FOV DIVIDED BY NUMBER OF ORGANISMS
MOD= SIZE OF DRAWING DIVIDED BY ACTUAL SIZE
what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 +6O2
NOTE:THERE’S LIGHT ABOVE THE ARROW
what are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?
light-dependent
light-independent
what is the phase I of photosynthesis? what is the outcomes of photosynthesis phase I?
-light-dependent- light is absorbed and converted into chemical energy
-ATP and NADPH
what is the phase ii of photosynthesis? what is the outcomes of photosynthesis phase ii?
-light-independent-ATP and NADPH are used to fix carbohydrates
-glucose
protein synthesis.
the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid.
what is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
AEROBIC-requires oxygen (includes Krebs cycle)
ANAEROBIC-does not requires oxygen
what is glycolysis?outcomes?
glucose breaks down to into pyruvate and energy
-2ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules
what is Krebs cycle?net yield?
-a series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP.
-4 CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATPs
what are the three domains?
-domain bacteria
-domain archaea
-domain eukarya
what are the six kingdoms?
-kingdom bacteria (domain bacteria)
-kingdom archaea (domain archaea)
KINGDOMS UNDER DOMAIN EUKARYA:
-kingdom protista
-kingdom fungi
-kingdom plantae
-kingdomm animalia
what are the 5 evidence of evolution?
-fossil record
-homologous characters
-vestigial structure
-comparative embryology
-comparative biochemistry
