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Lathallan N5 Biology > Unit 2 - Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Two matching sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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2
Q

Structures which carry genes and are found in the nucleus of a cell

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Identical copies of a chromosome produced by replication that are joined together

A

Chromatid

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4
Q

Centre of a cell where the chromosomes line up

A

Equator

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5
Q

Fibres which separate and pull the chromatids to the poles

A

Spindle Fibres

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6
Q

What is the term for the complete number of chromosomes in a cell

A

Chromosome complement

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7
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

Provide new cells for growth & repair

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8
Q

Techniques used to prevent cell culture contamination

A

Aseptic

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9
Q

Controlled, along with pH and oxygen concentration, to provide optimum cell culture conditions

A

Temperature

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10
Q

Medium used in cell culture

A

Solid (agar) & liquid (broth)

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11
Q

Equipment that has been treated with high temperatures to kill any micro-organisms

A

Sterile

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12
Q

Apparatus in which cells are cultured - may be computer

controlled

A

Fermenter

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13
Q

A group of similar cells specialised for the same function

A

Tissue

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14
Q

What is the term for a cell that has a particular function in an organism? (e.g. Red blood cells)

A

Specialised

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15
Q

Several tissues working together to carry out a single function - the heart is an example

A

Organs

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16
Q

Alternative term for cell division which provides new cells for growth and repair

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Cells in animals that have the potential to become many different types of cell

A

Stem Cells

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18
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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19
Q

Part of the brain responsible for conscious thought, emotions and memory

A

Cerebrum

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20
Q

Area of the brain which controls balance and muscle co-ordination

A

Cerebellum

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21
Q

Part of the brain that controls the heart and breathing rate

A

Medulla

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22
Q

Neuron that carries electrical impulses from a receptor to the CNS

A

Sensory neuron

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23
Q

Neuron that carries an electrical impulse from the CNS to a muscle or a gland

A

Motor neuron

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24
Q

Fast response to danger

A

Reflex Action

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25
Q

Impulse along a sensory neuron via a relay neuron to a motor neuron in the spinal cord that gives a rapid response to possible damage

A

Reflex Arc

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26
Q

A tiny gap between two neurons

A

Synapse

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27
Q

Carries a message across a synapse from one neuron to the next

A

Chemical messenger

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28
Q

Glands that make and release hormones

A

Endocrine glands

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29
Q

Transports hormones from an endocrine gland to a target organ

A

Blood / Blood vessels

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30
Q

Protein on the surface of a target cell that is complementary to a
hormone

A

Receptor

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31
Q

Organ that detects a change in blood glucose

A

Pancreas

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32
Q

Cell that has a protein receptor that recognises a hormone

A

Target cell

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33
Q

Released by the pancreas in response to a decrease in blood glucose

A

Glucagon

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34
Q

Released by the pancreas in response to an increase in blood

glucose

A

Insulin

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35
Q

Organ that stores glucose as glycogen

A

Liver

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36
Q

Term for the control of blood glucose concentration

A

Regulation

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37
Q

Health condition due to the failure to release or respond to insulin

A

Diabetes

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38
Q

Molecule made in liver by joining together many glucose molecules

A

Glycogen

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39
Q

Biological term that means a double set of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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40
Q

Biological term that means a single set of chromosomes

A

Haploid

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41
Q

Alternative name for a sex cell

A

Gamete

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42
Q

Female gamete in plants

A

Ovule

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43
Q

Male gamete in plants

A

Pollen

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44
Q

Gamete that has a tail to swim in search of a female gamete

A

Sperm

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45
Q

Larger of the two animal gametes as it has a food store for the development of the zygote

A

Egg / Ovum

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46
Q

Part of flower that makes pollen

A

Anther

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47
Q

Animal organ that produces sperm

A

Testes

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48
Q

Animal organ that makes ova/eggs

A

Ovaries

49
Q

Fusion of male and female gametes

A

Fertilisation

50
Q

First cell produced by fertilisation

A

Zygote

51
Q

Differences between all the individuals in a species

A

Variation

52
Q

Type of variation in which there are two or more distinct groups, with no values in between

A

Discrete variation

53
Q

Type of variation in which there is a wide range of values

A

Continuous variation

54
Q

Example of discrete variation

A

Eye colour
Blood Type
Hair Colour

55
Q

Example of continuous variation

A

Height
Shoe size
Hand Span

56
Q

Term for several genes working together to produce continuous
variation

A

Polygenic

57
Q

Short section of a chromosome that has the genetic information for a particular characteristic

A

Gene

58
Q

Different forms of a gene

A

Allele

59
Q

The most common type of variation

A

Polygenic and continuous

60
Q

The appearance of an organism for

a characteristic

A

Phenotype

61
Q

Alleles an organism has for a particular characteristic - usually
written as capital or small letters

A

Genotype

62
Q

Allele whose effect always shows in

the phenotype

A

Dominant

63
Q

Allele which is not dominant - its effect only shows when the cell does not have a dominant allele

A

Recessive

64
Q

When an individual has the same alleles for a characteristic (bb or BB)

A

Homozygous

65
Q

One dominant and one recessive allele for a feature

A

Heterozygous

66
Q

Symbol for the parents in a genetic cross

A

P

67
Q

Symbol for the first generation in a genetic cross

A

F1

68
Q

Symbol for the second generation in a genetic cross

A

F2

69
Q

Phenotype ratio from a cross between a heterozygous parent

and a homozygous recessive parents

A

1:1

70
Q

Phenotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous parents

A

3:1

71
Q

The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous parents that would be predicted to
have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)

A

30

72
Q

The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous parents that would be predicted to have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)

A

30

73
Q

The reason why the predicted and the actual results from a genetic
cross are often not the same

A

Fertilisation is a random process

74
Q

The reason why the predicted and the actual results from a genetic cross are often not the same

A

Fertilisation is a random process

75
Q

Name of leaf cells that carry out most photosynthesis

A

Palisade mesophyll

76
Q

Specialised root cells that absorb water from the soil

A

Root hair cells

77
Q

Biological term for the loss of water from the leaves

A

Transpiration

78
Q

Thin layer of waterproof cells on the top and bottom of a leaf

A

Epidermis

79
Q

Small pores in the leaf epidermis that allow water vapour to escape at the same time as carbon dioxide enters

A

Stomata

80
Q

Cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata

A

Guard cells

81
Q

Vessels that transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

A

Xylem

82
Q

Chemical in the xylem vessels walls that provides support

A

Lignin

83
Q

Living cells that transport sugar in a plant

A

Phloem

84
Q

Transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

A

Blood

85
Q

Pumps blood around the body

A

Heart

86
Q

The side of the heart that contains deoxygenated blood

A

Right

87
Q

The side of the heart that contains oxygenated blood

A

Left

88
Q

Where the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated

A

Lungs

89
Q

Thin walled chambers at the top of the heart

A

Atrium

90
Q

Thick walled chambers at the bottom of the heart

A

Ventricles

91
Q

Between the atria and ventricles to prevent the backflow of blood

A

Valves

92
Q

Blood vessel that brings blood from the body to the right atrium

A

Vena Cava

93
Q

Blood vessel that transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

94
Q

Blood vessel that transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary Vein

95
Q

Blood vessel that transports blood from the left ventricle to the body

A

Aorta

96
Q

Blood vessel that provides the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose

A

Coronary artery

97
Q

Blood vessels with thick muscular walls that carry blood under high pressure

A

Arteries

98
Q

Blood vessels with thin walls and valves that carry blood under low pressure

A

Veins

99
Q

Blood vessels that are thin walled to allow exchange of materials with cells

A

Capillaries

100
Q

Characteristics of capillaries that make them efficient for the exchange of materials with tissues

A

Thin walled
Large surface area
Extensive network

101
Q

Cells that transport oxygen

A

Red blood cells

102
Q

Molecule in red blood cells that combines with oxygen in the lungs

A

Haemoglobin

103
Q

Molecule formed when

haemoglobin combines with oxygen

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

104
Q

Molecule formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

105
Q

Parts of the lungs where gases are exchanged

A

Alveoli

106
Q

Molecule that diffuses from blood into lung alveoli

A

Carbon dioxide

107
Q

Molecule that that diffuses from the alveoli into the red blood cells in blood capillaries

A

Oxygen

108
Q

Features of alveoli that make them more efficient for the diffusion of gases

A

Thin cell wall
Large surface area
Moist to allow fast diffusion

109
Q

Traps dirt and micro-organisms in the lung airways

A

Mucus

110
Q

Sweeps mucus and trapped dirt out of the lung airways

A

Cilia

111
Q

Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system

A

Peristalsis

112
Q

Structures in the small intestine that absorb food molecules

A

Villi

113
Q

Characteristics of the villi in the small intestine that makes them efficient at absorbing food molecules

A

Large surface area
Extensive capillary network
One cell thick

114
Q

Molecules absorbed by the

capillaries in the small intestine villi

A

Glucose and amino acids

115
Q

Molecules absorbed by the capillaries in the small intestine villi

A

Glucose and amino acids

116
Q

Part of villus that absorbs the products of fat digestion

A

Lacteal

117
Q

Type of white blood cell which engulfs pathogens

A

Phagocyte

118
Q

Type of white blood cell which produces antibodies

A

Lymphocyte

Lathallan N5 Biology (3 decks)

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