Unit 2 - Multicellular Organisms Flashcards
Two matching sets of chromosomes
Diploid
Structures which carry genes and are found in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes
Identical copies of a chromosome produced by replication that are joined together
Chromatid
Centre of a cell where the chromosomes line up
Equator
Fibres which separate and pull the chromatids to the poles
Spindle Fibres
What is the term for the complete number of chromosomes in a cell
Chromosome complement
Functions of mitosis
Provide new cells for growth & repair
Techniques used to prevent cell culture contamination
Aseptic
Controlled, along with pH and oxygen concentration, to provide optimum cell culture conditions
Temperature
Medium used in cell culture
Solid (agar) & liquid (broth)
Equipment that has been treated with high temperatures to kill any micro-organisms
Sterile
Apparatus in which cells are cultured - may be computer
controlled
Fermenter
A group of similar cells specialised for the same function
Tissue
What is the term for a cell that has a particular function in an organism? (e.g. Red blood cells)
Specialised
Several tissues working together to carry out a single function - the heart is an example
Organs
Alternative term for cell division which provides new cells for growth and repair
Mitosis
Cells in animals that have the potential to become many different types of cell
Stem Cells
The brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Part of the brain responsible for conscious thought, emotions and memory
Cerebrum
Area of the brain which controls balance and muscle co-ordination
Cerebellum
Part of the brain that controls the heart and breathing rate
Medulla
Neuron that carries electrical impulses from a receptor to the CNS
Sensory neuron
Neuron that carries an electrical impulse from the CNS to a muscle or a gland
Motor neuron
Fast response to danger
Reflex Action
Impulse along a sensory neuron via a relay neuron to a motor neuron in the spinal cord that gives a rapid response to possible damage
Reflex Arc
A tiny gap between two neurons
Synapse
Carries a message across a synapse from one neuron to the next
Chemical messenger
Glands that make and release hormones
Endocrine glands
Transports hormones from an endocrine gland to a target organ
Blood / Blood vessels
Protein on the surface of a target cell that is complementary to a
hormone
Receptor
Organ that detects a change in blood glucose
Pancreas
Cell that has a protein receptor that recognises a hormone
Target cell
Released by the pancreas in response to a decrease in blood glucose
Glucagon
Released by the pancreas in response to an increase in blood
glucose
Insulin
Organ that stores glucose as glycogen
Liver
Term for the control of blood glucose concentration
Regulation
Health condition due to the failure to release or respond to insulin
Diabetes
Molecule made in liver by joining together many glucose molecules
Glycogen
Biological term that means a double set of chromosomes
Diploid
Biological term that means a single set of chromosomes
Haploid
Alternative name for a sex cell
Gamete
Female gamete in plants
Ovule
Male gamete in plants
Pollen
Gamete that has a tail to swim in search of a female gamete
Sperm
Larger of the two animal gametes as it has a food store for the development of the zygote
Egg / Ovum
Part of flower that makes pollen
Anther
Animal organ that produces sperm
Testes
Animal organ that makes ova/eggs
Ovaries
Fusion of male and female gametes
Fertilisation
First cell produced by fertilisation
Zygote
Differences between all the individuals in a species
Variation
Type of variation in which there are two or more distinct groups, with no values in between
Discrete variation
Type of variation in which there is a wide range of values
Continuous variation
Example of discrete variation
Eye colour
Blood Type
Hair Colour
Example of continuous variation
Height
Shoe size
Hand Span
Term for several genes working together to produce continuous
variation
Polygenic
Short section of a chromosome that has the genetic information for a particular characteristic
Gene
Different forms of a gene
Allele
The most common type of variation
Polygenic and continuous
The appearance of an organism for
a characteristic
Phenotype
Alleles an organism has for a particular characteristic - usually
written as capital or small letters
Genotype
Allele whose effect always shows in
the phenotype
Dominant
Allele which is not dominant - its effect only shows when the cell does not have a dominant allele
Recessive
When an individual has the same alleles for a characteristic (bb or BB)
Homozygous
One dominant and one recessive allele for a feature
Heterozygous
Symbol for the parents in a genetic cross
P
Symbol for the first generation in a genetic cross
F1
Symbol for the second generation in a genetic cross
F2
Phenotype ratio from a cross between a heterozygous parent
and a homozygous recessive parents
1:1
Phenotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous parents
3:1
The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous parents that would be predicted to
have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)
30
The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous parents that would be predicted to have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)
30
The reason why the predicted and the actual results from a genetic
cross are often not the same
Fertilisation is a random process
The reason why the predicted and the actual results from a genetic cross are often not the same
Fertilisation is a random process
Name of leaf cells that carry out most photosynthesis
Palisade mesophyll
Specialised root cells that absorb water from the soil
Root hair cells
Biological term for the loss of water from the leaves
Transpiration
Thin layer of waterproof cells on the top and bottom of a leaf
Epidermis
Small pores in the leaf epidermis that allow water vapour to escape at the same time as carbon dioxide enters
Stomata
Cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata
Guard cells
Vessels that transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
Xylem
Chemical in the xylem vessels walls that provides support
Lignin
Living cells that transport sugar in a plant
Phloem
Transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
Blood
Pumps blood around the body
Heart
The side of the heart that contains deoxygenated blood
Right
The side of the heart that contains oxygenated blood
Left
Where the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated
Lungs
Thin walled chambers at the top of the heart
Atrium
Thick walled chambers at the bottom of the heart
Ventricles
Between the atria and ventricles to prevent the backflow of blood
Valves
Blood vessel that brings blood from the body to the right atrium
Vena Cava
Blood vessel that transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
Blood vessel that transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary Vein
Blood vessel that transports blood from the left ventricle to the body
Aorta
Blood vessel that provides the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose
Coronary artery
Blood vessels with thick muscular walls that carry blood under high pressure
Arteries
Blood vessels with thin walls and valves that carry blood under low pressure
Veins
Blood vessels that are thin walled to allow exchange of materials with cells
Capillaries
Characteristics of capillaries that make them efficient for the exchange of materials with tissues
Thin walled
Large surface area
Extensive network
Cells that transport oxygen
Red blood cells
Molecule in red blood cells that combines with oxygen in the lungs
Haemoglobin
Molecule formed when
haemoglobin combines with oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
Molecule formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
Parts of the lungs where gases are exchanged
Alveoli
Molecule that diffuses from blood into lung alveoli
Carbon dioxide
Molecule that that diffuses from the alveoli into the red blood cells in blood capillaries
Oxygen
Features of alveoli that make them more efficient for the diffusion of gases
Thin cell wall
Large surface area
Moist to allow fast diffusion
Traps dirt and micro-organisms in the lung airways
Mucus
Sweeps mucus and trapped dirt out of the lung airways
Cilia
Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system
Peristalsis
Structures in the small intestine that absorb food molecules
Villi
Characteristics of the villi in the small intestine that makes them efficient at absorbing food molecules
Large surface area
Extensive capillary network
One cell thick
Molecules absorbed by the
capillaries in the small intestine villi
Glucose and amino acids
Molecules absorbed by the capillaries in the small intestine villi
Glucose and amino acids
Part of villus that absorbs the products of fat digestion
Lacteal
Type of white blood cell which engulfs pathogens
Phagocyte
Type of white blood cell which produces antibodies
Lymphocyte