Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards
A tough rigid outer covering which protects and supports plant, fungal and bacterial cells
Cell wall
Cell organelle responsible for aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
Cell structure responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Controls which molecules enter or leave a cell
Cell membrane
The part of a cell where chemical reactions occur
Cytoplasm
Plant structure containing water or sap to keep cell firm
Vacuole
Organelle containing chromosomes and controls cell function
Nucleus
Site of Protein Synthesis
Ribosome
Small circle of DNA that transfers genes from one bacterium to another
Plasmid
An example of a cell from this Kingdom is yeast
Fungus / Fungal cell
Organisms that do not have a cell wall
Animals
Organisms with cells containing chloroplasts
Plants
Organisms that do not have a nucleus
Bacteria
Coloured chemical used to make cells visible
Stain
Unit of measurement equivalent to 1/1000th mm
1 micrometer
Components of the cell membrane
Phospholipids and proteins
Term for only allowing certain (small) molecules to pass across membrane
Selectively permeable
Term meaning transport of molecules does NOT require energy
Passive
Difference in concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell
Concentration gradient
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration DOWN the concentration gradient
Diffusion
The movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration DOWN the concentration gradient
Osmosis
Appearance of plant cells in strong salt solution
Plasmolysed
Effect of strong salt solution on animal cells
Shrivel or shrink
Effect of a solution with higher water concentration on animal cells
Bursts (no cell wall)
Appearance of plants immersed in pure water
Turgid
Term for the movement of a substance across the cell membrance AGAINST the concentration gradient and requiring energy
Active transport
Part of membrane that pumps molecules from low to high concentrations
Protein pumps
Molecule that diffuses into leaf for photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide
Substances that diffuse out of animal cells before building up to harmful levels
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Molecule that diffuses into cells needed for aerobic respiration
Oxygen
Molecules which diffuse into cell required for protein synthesis
Amino acids
The shape of the DNA molecule
Double helix
Biological term for the reason DNA bases join together in base pairs
Complementary bases
The four DNA bases:
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
DNA base complementary to thymine
Adenine
DNA base complementary to cytosine
Guanine
Permanent copy of genetic information for making proteins that remains in the nucleus
DNA
Encloses all the DNA in a (plant, animal fungal) cell
Nucleus
Carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome
mRNA
Site of protein assembly
Ribosome
Determines the amino acid sequence in a protein
Order of bases in mRNA strand
Joined together to make proteins
Amino Acids
Type of protein that forms muscles and membranes
Structural proteins
Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger that is carried in the blood
Hormones
Type of protein that defends the body against disease
Antibody
Type of protein on the cell surface with a shape complementary to a hormone
Receptor
Scientific term for any substance that speeds up a reaction
Catalyst
Type of protein that is known as a biological catalyst
Enzyme
The effect of a cellular reaction on
the structure of an enzyme
Enzyme remains unchanged
The part of an enzyme with a shape complementary to its
specific substrate
Active site
Molecule an enzyme changes
AND
the molecule produced
Substrate
AND
Product
An enzyme reaction in which a
large molecule is built up from
smaller molecules
synthesis
An enzyme reaction in which a
large molecule is broken down into
smaller molecules
Degradation
An example of a synthesis reaction
Glucose-1-phosphate molecules being joined together to form a starch molecule by the enzyme
phosphorylase
An example of a degradation reaction
Hydrogen peroxide broken down into oxygen and water by
the enzyme catalase
The temperature or pH in which an
enzyme works fastest
Optimum
Unable to function because of a change in shape - the reason why enzymes stop working in high temperatures
Denatured
Transfer of genetic information from one cell to another
Genetic Engineering
Biological term for a virus or plasmid used to transfer a gene
Vector
Used to cut the required gene from
a chromosome during genetic engineering
Enzymes
Example of a gene transferred from one bacterium to another naturally
Antibiotic Resistance Gene
Term for an organism that has an introduced gene
Genetically Modified
A valuable product made by transformed bacteria
Insulin
Human Growth Hormone
A series of reactions that release the chemical energy stored in glucose
Respiration
Controls the series of respiration reactions
Enzymes
Short term store of chemical energy
ATP
Needed to regenerate ATP
ADP + Pi and energy
Cellular activity that requires energy from ATP
Muscle cell contraction OR cell
division OR protein synthesis OR
active transport OR transmission
of nerve impulses
Site of the first stage of respiration
Cytoplasm
Site of the second stage of aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
Produced first when glucose is broken down in respiration
Pyruvate
End products of aerobic respiration
Water and Carbon Dioxide
Number of ATP molecules produced by the complete
breakdown of a glucose molecule
in aerobic respiration
38 ATP molecules
Molecule required for aerobic respiration but not fermentation
Oxygen
Site of fermentation in a cell
Cytoplasm
Number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule in fermentation
2 ATP molecules
The molecule pyruvate is converted to during fermentation in animal cells
Lactic acid
The molecules pyruvate is converted to during fermentation
in plant and yeast cells
Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol
Apparatus used to measure the
rate of respiration
Respirometer
