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Lathallan N5 Biology > Unit 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

A tough rigid outer covering which protects and supports plant, fungal and bacterial cells

A

Cell wall

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2
Q

Cell organelle responsible for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Cell structure responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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4
Q

Controls which molecules enter or leave a cell

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

The part of a cell where chemical reactions occur

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Plant structure containing water or sap to keep cell firm

A

Vacuole

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7
Q

Organelle containing chromosomes and controls cell function

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Site of Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosome

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9
Q

Small circle of DNA that transfers genes from one bacterium to another

A

Plasmid

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10
Q

An example of a cell from this Kingdom is yeast

A

Fungus / Fungal cell

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11
Q

Organisms that do not have a cell wall

A

Animals

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12
Q

Organisms with cells containing chloroplasts

A

Plants

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13
Q

Organisms that do not have a nucleus

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Coloured chemical used to make cells visible

A

Stain

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15
Q

Unit of measurement equivalent to 1/1000th mm

A

1 micrometer

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16
Q

Components of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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17
Q

Term for only allowing certain (small) molecules to pass across membrane

A

Selectively permeable

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18
Q

Term meaning transport of molecules does NOT require energy

A

Passive

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19
Q

Difference in concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell

A

Concentration gradient

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20
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration DOWN the concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

The movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration DOWN the concentration gradient

A

Osmosis

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22
Q

Appearance of plant cells in strong salt solution

A

Plasmolysed

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23
Q

Effect of strong salt solution on animal cells

A

Shrivel or shrink

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24
Q

Effect of a solution with higher water concentration on animal cells

A

Bursts (no cell wall)

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25
Q

Appearance of plants immersed in pure water

A

Turgid

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26
Q

Term for the movement of a substance across the cell membrance AGAINST the concentration gradient and requiring energy

A

Active transport

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27
Q

Part of membrane that pumps molecules from low to high concentrations

A

Protein pumps

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28
Q

Molecule that diffuses into leaf for photosynthesis

A

Carbon Dioxide

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29
Q

Substances that diffuse out of animal cells before building up to harmful levels

A

Carbon dioxide

Urea

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30
Q

Molecule that diffuses into cells needed for aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen

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31
Q

Molecules which diffuse into cell required for protein synthesis

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule

A

Double helix

33
Q

Biological term for the reason DNA bases join together in base pairs

A

Complementary bases

34
Q

The four DNA bases:

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

35
Q

DNA base complementary to thymine

A

Adenine

36
Q

DNA base complementary to cytosine

A

Guanine

37
Q

Permanent copy of genetic information for making proteins that remains in the nucleus

A

DNA

38
Q

Encloses all the DNA in a (plant, animal fungal) cell

A

Nucleus

39
Q

Carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome

A

mRNA

40
Q

Site of protein assembly

A

Ribosome

41
Q

Determines the amino acid sequence in a protein

A

Order of bases in mRNA strand

42
Q

Joined together to make proteins

A

Amino Acids

43
Q

Type of protein that forms muscles and membranes

A

Structural proteins

44
Q

Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger that is carried in the blood

A

Hormones

45
Q

Type of protein that defends the body against disease

A

Antibody

46
Q

Type of protein on the cell surface with a shape complementary to a hormone

A

Receptor

47
Q

Scientific term for any substance that speeds up a reaction

A

Catalyst

48
Q

Type of protein that is known as a biological catalyst

A

Enzyme

49
Q

The effect of a cellular reaction on

the structure of an enzyme

A

Enzyme remains unchanged

50
Q

The part of an enzyme with a shape complementary to its

specific substrate

A

Active site

51
Q

Molecule an enzyme changes
AND
the molecule produced

A

Substrate

AND

Product

52
Q

An enzyme reaction in which a
large molecule is built up from
smaller molecules

A

synthesis

53
Q

An enzyme reaction in which a
large molecule is broken down into
smaller molecules

A

Degradation

54
Q

An example of a synthesis reaction

A

Glucose-1-phosphate molecules being joined together to form a starch molecule by the enzyme
phosphorylase

55
Q

An example of a degradation reaction

A

Hydrogen peroxide broken down into oxygen and water by

the enzyme catalase

56
Q

The temperature or pH in which an

enzyme works fastest

A

Optimum

57
Q

Unable to function because of a change in shape - the reason why enzymes stop working in high temperatures

A

Denatured

58
Q

Transfer of genetic information from one cell to another

A

Genetic Engineering

59
Q

Biological term for a virus or plasmid used to transfer a gene

A

Vector

60
Q

Used to cut the required gene from

a chromosome during genetic engineering

A

Enzymes

61
Q

Example of a gene transferred from one bacterium to another naturally

A

Antibiotic Resistance Gene

62
Q

Term for an organism that has an introduced gene

A

Genetically Modified

63
Q

A valuable product made by transformed bacteria

A

Insulin

Human Growth Hormone

64
Q

A series of reactions that release the chemical energy stored in glucose

A

Respiration

65
Q

Controls the series of respiration reactions

A

Enzymes

66
Q

Short term store of chemical energy

A

ATP

67
Q

Needed to regenerate ATP

A

ADP + Pi and energy

68
Q

Cellular activity that requires energy from ATP

A

Muscle cell contraction OR cell
division OR protein synthesis OR
active transport OR transmission
of nerve impulses

69
Q

Site of the first stage of respiration

A

Cytoplasm

70
Q

Site of the second stage of aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

71
Q

Produced first when glucose is broken down in respiration

A

Pyruvate

72
Q

End products of aerobic respiration

A

Water and Carbon Dioxide

73
Q

Number of ATP molecules produced by the complete
breakdown of a glucose molecule
in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP molecules

74
Q

Molecule required for aerobic respiration but not fermentation

A

Oxygen

75
Q

Site of fermentation in a cell

A

Cytoplasm

76
Q

Number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule in fermentation

A

2 ATP molecules

77
Q

The molecule pyruvate is converted to during fermentation in animal cells

A

Lactic acid

78
Q

The molecules pyruvate is converted to during fermentation

in plant and yeast cells

A

Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol

79
Q

Apparatus used to measure the

rate of respiration

A

Respirometer

Lathallan N5 Biology (3 decks)

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