Unit 2 - Multicellular organisms Flashcards
1
Q
The basic unit of living things
A
Cells
2
Q
An organism composed of many cells
A
multicellular
3
Q
An organism composed of only one cell
A
unicellular
4
Q
A group of similar cells (e.g. muscle cells) specialised for the same function
A
Tissue
5
Q
Term for cells that do not yet have a function
A
non-specialised, or unspecialised
6
Q
Several tissues working together to carry out a single function (e.g. heart)
A
Organ
7
Q
Alternative name for cell division which provides new cells for growth and repair
A
Mitosis
8
Q
Cells in animals that have a specific function
A
Specialised
9
Q
Areas in plants that are the site of mitosis
A
Meristems
10
Q
Where are the locations of meristems in plants?
A
Root tips and shoot tips
11
Q
What is the purpose of meristems in plants?
A
Growth and repair
12
Q
The brain and spinal cord make up
A
The central nervous system (CNS)
13
Q
Part of the brain responsible for conscious thought, emotions and memory
A
Cerebrum
14
Q
Area of the brain which controls balance and muscle co-ordination
A
Cerebellum
15
Q
Part of the brain that controls breathing and heart rate
A
Medulla
16
Q
Neuron that carries a electrical impulse from a receptor to the CNS
A
Sensory neuron
17
Q
Neuron that carries an electrical impulse from CNS to a muscle or gland
A
Motor neuron
18
Q
Fast response to danger
A
Reflex action
19
Q
Order of a reflex action (three neurons involved)
A
Sensory neuron to relay neuron to motor neuron
20
Q
A tiny gap between two neurons
A
Synapse
21
Q
Type of message that travels across a synapse
A
Chemical
22
Q
Glands that make and release hormones
A
Endocrine glands
23
Q
Transports hormones from a endocrine gland to a target organ
A
Blood
24
Q
Protein on the surface of a target cell that is complementary to a hormone (receptor)
A
Receptor
25
Organ that detects changes in blood glucose
Pancreas
26
If glucose increases in the blood, this hormone is produced by the pancreas
Insulin
27
If glucose decreases in the blood, this hormone is produced by the pancreas
Glucagon
28
Name of organ that stores glucose as glycogen
Liver
29
Term for the control of blood glucose
Regulation
30
Health condition due to failure to release insulin
Diabetes
31
Molecule made by joining many glucose molecules together
Glycogen
32
Biological term that means a double set of chromosomes
Diploid
33
Biological term that means a single (one) set of chromosomes
Haploid
34
Alternative name for sex cells
gametes
35
Female gamete in plants
Ovule
36
Male gamete in plants
Pollen
37
Gamete that has a tail to swim in search of female gamete
Sperm
38
Larger human gamete that has a food store for the development of a zygote
Egg
39
Part of the flower that makes pollen
Anther
40
Animal organ that produces sperm
Testes
41
Animal organ that makes eggs/ova
Ovary
42
Part of the flower that produces ovules
Ovary
43
Process of the fusion of male and female gametes
Fertilisation
44
First cell produced by fertilisation
Zygote
45
Differences between all the individuals in a species
Variation
46
Type of variation where there are two or more distinct groups (eye colour, blood type)
Discrete variation
47
Type of variation with a wide range of values (Height, hand span)
Continuous variation
48
Example of discrete variation
Gender OR Finger prints OR
Handedness OR Tongue rolling OR
Blood groups
49
Example of continuous variation
Height OR Weight OR Leaf width
| OR Hand span OR Seed size
50
Short section of a chromosome that codes for a characteristic
Gene
51
Term for several (more than one) gene working to produce continuous variation
Polygenic
52
Different forms of a gene
Allele
53
The appearance of an organism for a characteristic
Phenotype
54
Alleles an organism has for a particular characteristic (usually written as BB, Bb, bb)
Genotype
55
Allele whose effect always shows when present (BB, Bb)
Dominant
56
Allele which is not dominant and only shows when dominant allele is not present (bb)
Recessive
57
Both alleles for a characteristic are the same (BB or bb)
homozygous
58
Alleles for a characteristic are different (Bb)
Heterozygous
59
Symbol or letter for parents in a genetic cross
P
60
Symbol for the first generation in a genetic cross
F1
61
Symbol for Second generation in a genetic cross
F2
62
Phenotype ratio from a cross between a heterozygous parent (Bb)
and a homozygous recessive parent (bb)
1:1
63
Phenotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous parents
3:1
64
The number of 120 Drosophila flies from two heterozygous
parents that would be predicted to have the recessive characteristic
(3:1 ratio)
30 have recessive characteristic
65
The number of 400 pea plants from a cross between a
heterozygous tall plant and a dwarf pea plant (double recessive)
that would be expected to be tall
(1:1 ratio)
200
66
The reason why the predicted and
the actual results from a genetic
cross are often not the same
Fertilisation is a random process
67
Reason plants need to transport water from roots to leaves
```
Photosynthesis
OR
replacing water
Or
Transporting minerals
```
68
Name of leaf cells that carry out photosynthesis
Palisade mesophyll cells
69
Specialised root cells
Root hair cells
70
Biological term for loss of water from root to leaves
Transpiration
71
Thin layer of waterproof cells on top and bottom of leaf
Epidermal cells
72
Small pores in leaf that allow gas exchange
Stomata
73
Cells that control opening and closing of stomata
Guard cells
74
Vessels that transport water in a plant
Xylem
75
Chemical or molecule that provides support in xylem vessels
Lignin
76
Living cells that transport sugar in a plant
Phloem
77
What transports nutrients. oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
Blood
78
Pumps blood around the body
The heart
79
Side of the heart that contains deoxygenated blood
Right
80
The side of the heart that contains oxygenated blood
Left
81
Where deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated
Lungs
82
Thin walled top chambers of the heart
Atrium / Atria
83
Thick walled chambers at the bottom of the heart
Ventricles
84
Prevents the back flow of blood
Valves
85
Blood vessel that brings blood FROM the body to the right atrium
Vena Cava
86
Blood vessel that transports blood from right ventrical to the lungs
Pulmonary artery
87
Blood vessel that transports blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary vein
88
Blood vessel that transports blood from left ventricle to the body
Aorta
89
Blood vessel that provides heart muscle with oxygen
Coronary artery
90
Blood vessels with thick muscular walls that carry blood under high pressure
Arteries
91
Blood vessels with thin walls and valves that carry blood under low pressure
Veins
92
Blood vessels that are one cell thick that allow fast exchange of materials with cells
Capillaries
93
What characteristic make capillaries good at exchanging materials with cells?
Thin walled
| Large surface area
94
Chemical in red blood cells that attract oxygen molecules
Haemoglobin
95
Molecule formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen
Oxyhaemoglobin
96
What lines the trachea (windpipe)
Cartilage rings
97
Parts of the lungs where gases are exchanged
Alveoli
98
Molecule that diffuses from blood into lung alveoli
Carbon dioxide
99
Molecule that diffuses from alveoli into the red blood cells
Oxygen
100
Features of alveoli that make them efficient for gas exchange
Large surface area
Good blood supply
Thin walls
101
Traps dirt and microorganisms in the lung airways
Mucus
102
Sweeps mucus and trapped dirt out of the lung airways
Cilia
103
Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system
Peristalsis
104
Structures in the small intestine that absorb broken down nutrients
Villi
105
Characteristics of the villi in the small intestine making them efficient at absorbing food molecules
Large surface area
Good blood supply
Thin walled
106
Molecules absorbed by capillaries in small intestine villi
glucose and amino acids
107
Part of the villi that absorb fats
Lacteal
108
Molecules absorbed by lacteal in small intestine villi
Broken down fats
109
Biological terms for the process of cell division
Mitosis
110
Two sets of matching chromosomes
Diploid
111
Structures which carry genes and are found in the nucleus
Chromosomes
112
Identical copies of a chromosome produced by replication that are joined together
Chromatid
113
Centre of a cell where chromosomes line up
Equator
114
Fibres which separate and pull chromatids to opposite poles
Spindle fibres
115
What is the function of mitosis?
Provide new cells for growth and repair
