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CHS National 5 Biology > Unit 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

A tough, rigid outer covering which protects and supports plant, fungal and bacterial cells

A

Cell wall

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2
Q

Cell organelle responsible for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Cell structure responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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4
Q

Controls which molecules enter or leave a cell

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

The part of the cell where chemical reactions take place

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

A plant cell structure which contains water or sap and keeps the cell firm

A

Vacuole

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7
Q

The organelle which contains chromosomes and controls all the activities in a cell

A

nucleus

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8
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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9
Q

Small circle of DNA that transfers genes from one bacteria to another

A

Plasmid

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10
Q

An example of a cell from this kingdom is yeast

A

Fungal cell

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11
Q

Organisms that do not have a cell wall

A

Animal cells

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12
Q

Organism with cells that often have chloroplasts

A

Plant cells

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13
Q

Organisms that do not have a nucleus

A

Bacterial cell

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14
Q

A coloured chemical used to make cells visible under a microscope

A

Stain

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15
Q

How many micrometres are in 1mm

A

1000

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16
Q

Components of a cell membrane

A

Lipids (or phospholipids) and proteins

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17
Q

Term that means molecules can move across a membrane without energy

A

Passive

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18
Q

The difference in concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell

A

Concentration gradient

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19
Q

The definition of diffusion is….

A

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient …no energy required

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20
Q

Term used to describe the cell membrane only letting in small molecules

A

Selectively permeable

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21
Q

Describe osmosis…

A 
The movement of water molecules
from a high water concentration to
a lower water concentration
through a selectively permeable
membrane
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22
Q

Appearance of a plant cell in a strong salt solution

A

Plasmolysed

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23
Q

Effect of strong salt solution on animal cells

A

Shrink

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24
Q

Effect of solution of pure water on animal cells

A

Swell and burst

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25
Q

Appearance of plant cell in pure water

A

Turgid

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26
Q

The movement of a molecule or
ion through a membrane against
the concentration gradient. Needs
energy

A

Active transport

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27
Q

The part of the membrane that pumps molecules from low to high concentration

A

Proteins

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28
Q

Gas molecule that diffuses into a cell needed for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide

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29
Q

Term for substances that diffuse out of cells (no longer needed) before building up to poisonous levels

A

Waste products

or Carbon dioxide

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30
Q

Gas molecule which diffuse into cells required for aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen and glucose

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31
Q

Molecules which diffuse into a cell that are needed for protein synthesis

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

Techniques used to prevent contamination

A

Aseptic techniques

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33
Q

Equipment that has been treated at high temperatures to kill micro-organisms

A

Sterile

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34
Q

Apparatus in which cells can be cultured

A

Fermenter

35
Q

The spiral shape of DNA molecule

A

Double helix

36
Q

Term for the DNA bases that join together

A

Complementary

37
Q

The four DNA bases

A

A (Adenine), T (Thymine), C (Cytosine), G (Guanine)

38
Q

The base that pairs with T

A

A (Adenine)

39
Q

The base that pairs with C

A

G (Guanine)

40
Q

Where DNA is held (enclosed) in a cell

A

Nucleus

41
Q

Molecule that carries a copy of genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

A

mRNA

42
Q

Site of protein assembly

A

Ribosome

43
Q

Joined together to make proteins

A

Amino acids

44
Q

The shape and function of a protein depends on this

A

Sequence of DNA bases

45
Q

Type of protein that forms muscles and membranes

A

Structural

46
Q

Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger in the blood

A

Hormones

47
Q

Type of protein that defends the body against disease

A

Antibody

48
Q

Type of protein known as a biological catalyst (speeds up reactions)

A

Enzymes

49
Q

What happens to an enzyme at the end of a reaction?

A

The enzyme remains unchanged (can be used again)

50
Q

Name of the molecule (raw material) that attaches to enzyme

A

Substrate

51
Q

The part of the enzyme that has a specific complementary shape to one substrate

A

Active site

52
Q

An enzyme reaction where small molecules are built up into a larger molecule

A

Synthesis

53
Q

An enzyme reaction where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

A

Degradation reaction

54
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase into …

A

Oxygen and water

55
Q

Glucose molecules are joined together by phosphorylase to make

A

Starch

56
Q

The temperature or pH an enzyme works best at

A

Optimum

57
Q

A change in shape of the enzyme’s active site due to high temperatures

A

Denatured

58
Q

Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

A

Genetic engineering

59
Q

Used to cut the gene of of a chromosome AND cut open a bacterial plasmid

A

Enzymes

60
Q

Term for an organism that has an introduced gene

A

Transformed

61
Q

Valuable product made from inserting gene into bacteria cell for diabetics

A

Insulin

62
Q

Name of the first stage of photosynthesis

A

Light stage OR Light reaction OR Photolysis

63
Q

What two products are produced from water in the Light reaction?

A

Oxygen and Hydrogen

64
Q

Pigment or molecule that traps light energy from the sun

A

chlorophyll

65
Q

Leaf organelle that contains chlorophyll

A

Chloroplast

66
Q

Energy rich molecule made during light reaction

A

ATP

67
Q

Type of energy in ATP

A

chemical energy

68
Q

Required to make ATP

A

ADP + Pi + energy!

69
Q

The name for the reactions that release energy (ATP) stored in glucose

A

Respiration

70
Q

Needed to regenerate ATP

A

ADP + Pi + energy

71
Q

Produced when ATP is broken down

A

ADP + Pi + energy

72
Q

Cellular process that requires ATP

A

Muscle cell contraction OR cell
division OR protein synthesis OR
active transport OR transmission
of nerve impulses

73
Q

Where does the first stage of respiration take place?

A

Cytoplasm

74
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced when Glucose is broken into Pyruvate?

A

2 ATP molecules

75
Q

When oxygen is present it is _________ respiration

A

Aerobic

76
Q

When oxygen is absent it is ________ respiration

A

Anaerobic

77
Q

If oxygen is present, where does the second stage take place in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

78
Q

What are the end products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

79
Q

Total number of ATP produced in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

80
Q

If oxygen is not present, where is the site of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

A

Cytoplasm

81
Q

Number of ATP molecules in anaerobic respiration / fermentation

A

2 ATP

82
Q

What molecule does pyruvate turn in to during fermentation in animal cells (exercising for long periods)

A

Lactic acid

83
Q

What molecules are formed when plants and yeast undergo fermentation (think about beer)

A

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

84
Q

Apparatus used to measure the rate of respiration

A

respirometer

CHS National 5 Biology (3 decks)

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