Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards
A tough, rigid outer covering which protects and supports plant, fungal and bacterial cells
Cell wall
Cell organelle responsible for aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
Cell structure responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Controls which molecules enter or leave a cell
Cell membrane
The part of the cell where chemical reactions take place
Cytoplasm
A plant cell structure which contains water or sap and keeps the cell firm
Vacuole
The organelle which contains chromosomes and controls all the activities in a cell
nucleus
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
Small circle of DNA that transfers genes from one bacteria to another
Plasmid
An example of a cell from this kingdom is yeast
Fungal cell
Organisms that do not have a cell wall
Animal cells
Organism with cells that often have chloroplasts
Plant cells
Organisms that do not have a nucleus
Bacterial cell
A coloured chemical used to make cells visible under a microscope
Stain
How many micrometres are in 1mm
1000
Components of a cell membrane
Lipids (or phospholipids) and proteins
Term that means molecules can move across a membrane without energy
Passive
The difference in concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell
Concentration gradient
The definition of diffusion is….
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient …no energy required
Term used to describe the cell membrane only letting in small molecules
Selectively permeable
Describe osmosis…
The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
Appearance of a plant cell in a strong salt solution
Plasmolysed
Effect of strong salt solution on animal cells
Shrink
Effect of solution of pure water on animal cells
Swell and burst
Appearance of plant cell in pure water
Turgid
The movement of a molecule or
ion through a membrane against
the concentration gradient. Needs
energy
Active transport
The part of the membrane that pumps molecules from low to high concentration
Proteins
Gas molecule that diffuses into a cell needed for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
Term for substances that diffuse out of cells (no longer needed) before building up to poisonous levels
Waste products
or Carbon dioxide
Gas molecule which diffuse into cells required for aerobic respiration
Oxygen and glucose
Molecules which diffuse into a cell that are needed for protein synthesis
Amino acids
Techniques used to prevent contamination
Aseptic techniques
Equipment that has been treated at high temperatures to kill micro-organisms
Sterile
Apparatus in which cells can be cultured
Fermenter
The spiral shape of DNA molecule
Double helix
Term for the DNA bases that join together
Complementary
The four DNA bases
A (Adenine), T (Thymine), C (Cytosine), G (Guanine)
The base that pairs with T
A (Adenine)
The base that pairs with C
G (Guanine)
Where DNA is held (enclosed) in a cell
Nucleus
Molecule that carries a copy of genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
mRNA
Site of protein assembly
Ribosome
Joined together to make proteins
Amino acids
The shape and function of a protein depends on this
Sequence of DNA bases
Type of protein that forms muscles and membranes
Structural
Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger in the blood
Hormones
Type of protein that defends the body against disease
Antibody
Type of protein known as a biological catalyst (speeds up reactions)
Enzymes
What happens to an enzyme at the end of a reaction?
The enzyme remains unchanged (can be used again)
Name of the molecule (raw material) that attaches to enzyme
Substrate
The part of the enzyme that has a specific complementary shape to one substrate
Active site
An enzyme reaction where small molecules are built up into a larger molecule
Synthesis
An enzyme reaction where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Degradation reaction
Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase into …
Oxygen and water
Glucose molecules are joined together by phosphorylase to make
Starch
The temperature or pH an enzyme works best at
Optimum
A change in shape of the enzyme’s active site due to high temperatures
Denatured
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another
Genetic engineering
Used to cut the gene of of a chromosome AND cut open a bacterial plasmid
Enzymes
Term for an organism that has an introduced gene
Transformed
Valuable product made from inserting gene into bacteria cell for diabetics
Insulin
Name of the first stage of photosynthesis
Light stage OR Light reaction OR Photolysis
What two products are produced from water in the Light reaction?
Oxygen and Hydrogen
Pigment or molecule that traps light energy from the sun
chlorophyll
Leaf organelle that contains chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Energy rich molecule made during light reaction
ATP
Type of energy in ATP
chemical energy
Required to make ATP
ADP + Pi + energy!
The name for the reactions that release energy (ATP) stored in glucose
Respiration
Needed to regenerate ATP
ADP + Pi + energy
Produced when ATP is broken down
ADP + Pi + energy
Cellular process that requires ATP
Muscle cell contraction OR cell
division OR protein synthesis OR
active transport OR transmission
of nerve impulses
Where does the first stage of respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
How many ATP molecules are produced when Glucose is broken into Pyruvate?
2 ATP molecules
When oxygen is present it is _________ respiration
Aerobic
When oxygen is absent it is ________ respiration
Anaerobic
If oxygen is present, where does the second stage take place in a cell?
Mitochondria
What are the end products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
Total number of ATP produced in aerobic respiration
38 ATP
If oxygen is not present, where is the site of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
Cytoplasm
Number of ATP molecules in anaerobic respiration / fermentation
2 ATP
What molecule does pyruvate turn in to during fermentation in animal cells (exercising for long periods)
Lactic acid
What molecules are formed when plants and yeast undergo fermentation (think about beer)
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Apparatus used to measure the rate of respiration
respirometer
