Unit 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

A tough, rigid outer covering which protects and supports plant, fungal and bacterial cells

A

Cell wall

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2
Q

Cell organelle responsible for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Cell structure responsible for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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4
Q

Controls which molecules enter or leave a cell

A

Cell membrane

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5
Q

The part of the cell where chemical reactions take place

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

A plant cell structure which contains water or sap and keeps the cell firm

A

Vacuole

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7
Q

The organelle which contains chromosomes and controls all the activities in a cell

A

nucleus

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8
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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9
Q

Small circle of DNA that transfers genes from one bacteria to another

A

Plasmid

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10
Q

An example of a cell from this kingdom is yeast

A

Fungal cell

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11
Q

Organisms that do not have a cell wall

A

Animal cells

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12
Q

Organism with cells that often have chloroplasts

A

Plant cells

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13
Q

Organisms that do not have a nucleus

A

Bacterial cell

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14
Q

A coloured chemical used to make cells visible under a microscope

A

Stain

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15
Q

How many micrometres are in 1mm

A

1000

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16
Q

Components of a cell membrane

A

Lipids (or phospholipids) and proteins

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17
Q

Term that means molecules can move across a membrane without energy

A

Passive

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18
Q

The difference in concentration of a substance inside and outside a cell

A

Concentration gradient

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19
Q

The definition of diffusion is….

A

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient …no energy required

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20
Q

Term used to describe the cell membrane only letting in small molecules

A

Selectively permeable

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21
Q

Describe osmosis…

A
The movement of water molecules
from a high water concentration to
a lower water concentration
through a selectively permeable
membrane
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22
Q

Appearance of a plant cell in a strong salt solution

A

Plasmolysed

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23
Q

Effect of strong salt solution on animal cells

A

Shrink

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24
Q

Effect of solution of pure water on animal cells

A

Swell and burst

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25
Appearance of plant cell in pure water
Turgid
26
The movement of a molecule or ion through a membrane against the concentration gradient. Needs energy
Active transport
27
The part of the membrane that pumps molecules from low to high concentration
Proteins
28
Gas molecule that diffuses into a cell needed for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
29
Term for substances that diffuse out of cells (no longer needed) before building up to poisonous levels
Waste products or Carbon dioxide
30
Gas molecule which diffuse into cells required for aerobic respiration
Oxygen and glucose
31
Molecules which diffuse into a cell that are needed for protein synthesis
Amino acids
32
Techniques used to prevent contamination
Aseptic techniques
33
Equipment that has been treated at high temperatures to kill micro-organisms
Sterile
34
Apparatus in which cells can be cultured
Fermenter
35
The spiral shape of DNA molecule
Double helix
36
Term for the DNA bases that join together
Complementary
37
The four DNA bases
A (Adenine), T (Thymine), C (Cytosine), G (Guanine)
38
The base that pairs with T
A (Adenine)
39
The base that pairs with C
G (Guanine)
40
Where DNA is held (enclosed) in a cell
Nucleus
41
Molecule that carries a copy of genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
mRNA
42
Site of protein assembly
Ribosome
43
Joined together to make proteins
Amino acids
44
The shape and function of a protein depends on this
Sequence of DNA bases
45
Type of protein that forms muscles and membranes
Structural
46
Type of protein that acts as a chemical messenger in the blood
Hormones
47
Type of protein that defends the body against disease
Antibody
48
Type of protein known as a biological catalyst (speeds up reactions)
Enzymes
49
What happens to an enzyme at the end of a reaction?
The enzyme remains unchanged (can be used again)
50
Name of the molecule (raw material) that attaches to enzyme
Substrate
51
The part of the enzyme that has a specific complementary shape to one substrate
Active site
52
An enzyme reaction where small molecules are built up into a larger molecule
Synthesis
53
An enzyme reaction where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Degradation reaction
54
Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase into ...
Oxygen and water
55
Glucose molecules are joined together by phosphorylase to make
Starch
56
The temperature or pH an enzyme works best at
Optimum
57
A change in shape of the enzyme's active site due to high temperatures
Denatured
58
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another
Genetic engineering
59
Used to cut the gene of of a chromosome AND cut open a bacterial plasmid
Enzymes
60
Term for an organism that has an introduced gene
Transformed
61
Valuable product made from inserting gene into bacteria cell for diabetics
Insulin
62
Name of the first stage of photosynthesis
Light stage OR Light reaction OR Photolysis
63
What two products are produced from water in the Light reaction?
Oxygen and Hydrogen
64
Pigment or molecule that traps light energy from the sun
chlorophyll
65
Leaf organelle that contains chlorophyll
Chloroplast
66
Energy rich molecule made during light reaction
ATP
67
Type of energy in ATP
chemical energy
68
Required to make ATP
ADP + Pi + energy!
69
The name for the reactions that release energy (ATP) stored in glucose
Respiration
70
Needed to regenerate ATP
ADP + Pi + energy
71
Produced when ATP is broken down
ADP + Pi + energy
72
Cellular process that requires ATP
Muscle cell contraction OR cell division OR protein synthesis OR active transport OR transmission of nerve impulses
73
Where does the first stage of respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
74
How many ATP molecules are produced when Glucose is broken into Pyruvate?
2 ATP molecules
75
When oxygen is present it is _________ respiration
Aerobic
76
When oxygen is absent it is ________ respiration
Anaerobic
77
If oxygen is present, where does the second stage take place in a cell?
Mitochondria
78
What are the end products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
79
Total number of ATP produced in aerobic respiration
38 ATP
80
If oxygen is not present, where is the site of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
Cytoplasm
81
Number of ATP molecules in anaerobic respiration / fermentation
2 ATP
82
What molecule does pyruvate turn in to during fermentation in animal cells (exercising for long periods)
Lactic acid
83
What molecules are formed when plants and yeast undergo fermentation (think about beer)
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
84
Apparatus used to measure the rate of respiration
respirometer