UNIT 2 - Morphology

Question 1

the subsystem of grammar/linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and
the processes through which these are created. It studies word structure and word formation, and
deals with the expression of grammatical meaning in different languages.

Answer 1

Morphology

Question 2

A morphological unit. It’s an abstract sign that is the smallest grammatically independent unit of language

Answer 2

Word

Question 3

It’s a word in an abstract sense.

Answer 3

Lexeme

Question 4

The set of word-forms belonging to the same lexeme (always related to inflection)

Answer 4

paradigm

Question 5

Different lexemes may also be related to each other. It’s always related to derivation

eg: colour, colouring, colourless, etc

Answer 5

word family

Question 6

They usually denote new concepts that are different from the concept of the corresponding simple lexeme (words with derivation). They are listed separately in the dictionary and
are less predictable than word-forms.

Answer 6

Complex-lexemes

Question 7

[Morphological relations]

The relationship between word-forms of a lexeme.

Answer 7

Inflection

Question 8

[Morphological relations]

The relationship between lexemes of a word family.

Answer 8

Derivation

Question 9

Some complex words belong to two or more word families simultaneously. E.g: the lexeme “firestorm”
belongs to the family of “fire” and to the family of “storm”.

• Name the relation.

Answer 9

Compounding

Question 10

It is a grammatical morpheme which must be bound to a root or to another one of its kind. It cannot
occur by itself.

Answer 10

affix

Question 11

The part of a word that an affix is attached to. They can be identified in
inflected word-forms and in derived lexemes.

Answer 11

Base

Question 12

It is the base that cannot be further analysed into its constituent morphemes. It is always lexical.

Answer 12

Root

Question 13

They’re the smallest meaningful unit of language that combines the form (the way they sound) and meaning (what they mean)

Answer 13

Morphemes

Question 14

They’re morphemes that contribute to grammatical information or indicate relationships between the leximes

Answer 14

Grammatical Leximes

Question 15

They’re morphemes with richer lexical vocabulary meaning. They typically belong to categories (N, V, Adj)

Answer 15

Lexical morphemes

Question 16

Morphemes that can stand alone (eg: lexemes and grammatical morphemes)

Answer 16

Free lexemes

Question 17

Lexemes that must be attached to the root or another morpheme (eg: inflectional or derivational affixes)

Answer 17

Bound morpheme

Question 18

It’s a morphological process, which can be derivational or inflectional. It consists in the addition of a discrete morpheme before or after a root of another affix.

Answer 18

Affixation

Question 19

It consists in copying some part of the root. (concatenative or non-concatenative).

Answer 19

Reduplication

Question 20

It’s a partial or total replacement of the root by another different form.

Answer 20

Suppletion (partial or total)

Question 21

Type of morphology that creates new lexemes from existing ones, with a change in meaning and/or form.

Answer 21

Derivational morphology

Question 22

Type of morphology that adds grammatical information to the lexeme, in accordance with the particular, syntactic requirements of the language.

Answer 22

Inflectional morphology

Question 23

Some morphemes behave like words in terms of their meaning and function, but are unable to stand alone as independent forms. They’re called clitics and must be attached to another word called “host”. The morphological process is called …

Answer 23

Cliticization

Question 24

A process that assigns a new syntactic category to an already existing word. The word changes without suffixes (eg: butter –> to butter the bread)

Answer 24

Conversion

Question 25

Process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables

Answer 25

clipping

Question 26

Words that are created from non-morphemic parts (parts extracted from a word that have no meaning by themselves) of two already existing items, usually the first part of one and the final part of the other (eg: brunch = breakfast + lunch)

Answer 26

blending

Question 27

Process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affiz from another word in a language (eg: television –> televise)

Answer 27

Backformation

Question 28

They are formed by taking the initial letter of some or all the words in a phrase and pronouncing them as a word (RADAR, LASER, UNICEF, etc)

Answer 28

acronyms

Question 29

They are pronounced as a series of letter tather than a word (eg: U.S.A, L.A, F.B.I., etc). They’re not words

Answer 29

abbreviations

Question 30

Words that have been created to sound like the thing they name. Their form can vary from language to language

Answer 30

onomatopoeia

Question 31

A word may be created from scratch

Answer 31

Word coinage

Question 32

A variant form of a morpheme, which is the smallest meaningful unit of language. They are different phonetic realizations or variants of the same morpheme. These variations occur due to phonological, morphological, or syntactic conditions.

Answer 32

Allomorphs