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IB Biology > Unit 2 Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Components that make up carbohydrates

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon

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2
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

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3
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

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4
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

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5
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch

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6
Q

Formation of a disaccharide

A

A disaccharide is made from condensation reactions between two monosacchrides. The bond that is formed is called glycosidic bond.

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7
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A condensation reaction is a reaction that makes up disaccharides, polysaccharides - join molecules together. Water, H2O is the by product of the reaction.

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8
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Cellulose is a component of the cell wall in plants. It is straight(has no branches) , regular and has only 1-4 bonds. (meaning that the bonds are between carbon 1 and carbon 4) The subunit is beta glucose.

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9
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

Glycogen is used as storage in animal cells. It has a branched structure. The 1-4 bonds make up the straights and the 1-6 bonds make up the branches. The subunit is alpha glucose.

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10
Q

Two types of starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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11
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

They have the OH at different sides. Alpha has the carboxyl group on the same side above

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12
Q

Structure of DNA

A

DNA, Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, is made up of three components, the phosphate group, the nitrogenous base and the 5 carbon pentose sugar.

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13
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA: double stranded, includes Thymine, longer
RNA: single stranded, includes Uracil, shorter, has the extra oxygen

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14
Q

Thymine binds with…

Guanine binds with…

A

Adenine

Cytosine

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15
Q

Name of the bonds between the bases are..

A

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Name of the bond between the phosphate groups are …

A

Phosphodiester bonds

17
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between Thymine and Adenine

A

two hydrogen bond

18
Q

Watson and Crick

A

The initial scientist who through trial and error identified the structure of DNA. (+ Rosalind Franklin who did the x-ray examining.)

19
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA replication is semi-conservative, which means in the two strands produced, half are new and half are old. There are three main steps, the breaking of hydrogen bonds, the aligning and making of hydrogen bonds, the making of phosphodiester bonds.

20
Q

DNA Helicase

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases, they “unzip” the DNA for replication

21
Q

DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase makes the bonds between the nucleotides, the phosphodiester bonds.

22
Q

PCR is..

A

the polymerase chain reaction, which is DNA replication done in lab conditions, the main difference is that instead of DNA helicase, high temperature is used to break the bonds. After cooling down, a primer is added to mark the start of the replication. Taq polymerase from bacteria is used to act as DNA polymerase, they have a high optimum temperature.

23
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

24
Q

Testing for reducing sugars - results turn from

A

Blue to Red using the Benedict’s reagent (This includes all monosacchrides and maltose.)

25
Q

Testing for non reducing sugars

A

They have to turned into reducing sugars via hydrolysis. (except maltose)

26
Q

Bonds between two monosacchrides is called

A

a glycosidic bond

27
Q

Formation of triglycerides

A

They are formed via condensation reactions between one glycerol and three fatty acids. The bonds are called ester bonds.

28
Q

Lipid vs. Carbohydrates (in terms of energy usage)

A

Lipids: harder to access, more energy in a gram, less soluble
Carbohydrates: easier to access, less energy in a gram, more soluble.

29
Q

Carbon is stable because…

A

It can make four covalent bonds. It has the ability to form large, complex molecules.

30
Q

The three types of lipids are..

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipid and Steroids.

31
Q

Structure of phospholipids and steroids

A

Phospholipid - two fatty acid attached to glycerol, one phosphate group attached.
Steroids - four fused hydrocarbon rings.

32
Q

Basic structure of amino acids(proteins)

A

An amine group (NH2)
A carboxylic acid group (COOH)
A hydrogen atom (H)
A variable side chain (R)

33
Q

Hydrogen bonding (oxygen is slightly … hydrogen is slightly … )

A

Hydrogen bonding forms between water molecules, they form between the slightly negative oxygen and the slightly positive hydrogen.

34
Q

Differences between water and methane. (boiling and melting point, specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization and fusion.)

A

Water has higher everything mentioned (boiling, melting, etc.) than methane.

IB Biology (5 decks)

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