Unit 1 Cell Biology Flashcards
Homeostasis
Maintaining internal conditions.
Response
Ability to detect stimuli and make appropriate changes
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that happen inside a single cell.
Cell Theory
- Cells are the smallest unit of life.
- Everything is made out of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Examples that question the cell theory
Giant Algae, Striated muscle cells, Aseptate Fungal Hyphae, Red blood cells
Stem cells
Cells that are not differentiated yet (genes are not expressed/protein synthesis) that have the potential to become specialized cells.
Giant Algae
Is large in size but only composed of one single cell. 0.5 to 10cm in length.
Questions that all cells are microscopic/smallest unit of life.
Striated Muscle cells
Multi nucleated despite being surrounding by a cell membrane.
Aseptate Fungal Hyphae
No clear cell wall, just cell membrane, looks multi nucleated.
Parts of the cell membrane
Phospholipids, integral/intrinsic proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol, glyco-proteins
structure of Prokaryotes
Nucleoid, plasmid, cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, pili, flagellum, ribosome 70s, cytoplasm, (centriole)
structure of eukaryotes
nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, vesicles, cell membrane, (cell wall in plants and fungi), ribosome 80s, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, centrioles, mitochondria
how to distinguish between RER and golgi apparatus in photographs
RER are more straight and equal while the golgi apparatus tends to get thicker along the sides. There might be more vesicles around the golgi.
4 main phases of mitosis and 1 pre phase
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
types of transport across the membrane
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, bulk transport
During interphase …
.. the chromosomes replicate, making two strands of each, the centrioles replicate.
During metaphase…
…the double armed chromatids lind up in a single line on the equator of the cell. The spindle microtubles from the centrioles extend and attach to either sides of the centeromere.
During telophase…
…the chromatids elongate, a new nuclear membrane is formed.
Function of golgi apparatus
packaging of proteins
function of lysosome
digestion in cells
Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplast
Role of cyclin
Cyclin is the protein used in the cell cycle that regulates the cell cycle. It binds with a cyclin dependent kinase and this binds with a specific protein that activates it. This is done by giving a phosphate to the protein.
Mitotic index
= total number of cells going through mitosis/ total number of cells
Simple diffusion vs. facilitated diffusion
simple - passes directly through the membrane, does not require any proteins
facilitated - cannot pass directly through the membrane, requires protein channels
