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ib biology sl & hl > Unit 2 Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Monomers

A 
Small molecule that reacts with similar molecule to form a larger molecule.
Smallest unit in a polymer
Include carbohydrates
Follow basic formula of (CH2O)x
Commonly ring shaped
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2
Q

Lipids

A 
Organic molecules
Insoluble in water
Soluble in non-polar solvents
Common lipids include triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids and steroids
eg. glycogen
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3
Q

Proteins

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, (sometimes sulphur)
Large, organic compounds made of amino acids
Arranged into one or more linear chains.
Can be structural or part of the plasma membrane
Can also perform other diverse functions in an organism

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4
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
Chains of sub units called nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of base, sugar and phosphate groups covalently bonded together.
If sugar is ribose, RNA is formed
If deoxyribose, DNA is formed.

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5
Q

Amino Acids

A 
Contains NH2 (amine group), H, COOH (Carboxyl Group/acidic group) and a central carbon atom
The R group varies depending on amino acid.
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6
Q

Fatty Acids

A 
Cahin (or ring) of carbon and hydrogen atoms
H3C-(CH2)n-C=O
                        \OH
No double bond - saturated
1 double bond - Monosaturated
More than 1 double bond - Polysaturated
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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
Have ring structures in water
Hexose sugar contains 6 carbons
Pentose sugar contains 5 carbons
etc
eg. Glucose, Galactose, fructose, ribose
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8
Q

Anabolism

A

Build molecules
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
eg. protein synthesis

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9
Q

Catabolism

A

Break Molecules

eg. digestion

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks Bonds.

eg. Catabolic reactions break down molecules

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11
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Makes bonds

Eg. anabolism

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12
Q

Cohesion

A

Result of polarity of water molecule

Sticky

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13
Q

Adhesion

A

Result of polarity of water

Water molecules stick to other molecules that are charged.

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14
Q

Solvent

A

Water can disolve many organic and inorganic substances

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15
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

Can disolve in water

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16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water Hating

Can’t dissolve in water

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

eg. maltose, lactose, sucrose

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18
Q

Body Mass Index

A 
Underweight - 18.5>
Normal - 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight - 25 - 29.9
Obese - 30>
Mass in kilos/(hight in metres)^2
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19
Q

Ribosomes

A

Formulate peptide bonds
Site of polypeptide synthesis
mRNA is template

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20
Q

Proteome

A

All proteins produced by a cell, tissue or an organism.
A function of genome and environment which the organism is exposed
Both variable (over time) and unique to every individual (including identical twins and clones).
It reveals what is happening in an organism at a particular time

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21
Q

Cytoskeletons

A

Type of protein

Tubulin is subunit of microtubules that give animals cells their shape and pull on chromosomes during mitosis.

22
Q

Tensile strengthening (collagen)

A

Type of protein

Fibrous proteins give tensile strength needed in skin, tendons, ligaments and blood vessel walls.

23
Q

Blood clotting

A

Plasma proteins act as clotting factors that cause blood to turn from a liquid to a gel in wounds.

24
Q

Transport of nutrients and gases

A

Proteins in blood help transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron and lipids.

25
Q

Cell adhesion

A

Membrane proteins cause adjacent animal cells to stick to each other within tissues.

26
Q

Membrane transport

A

Membrane proteins are used for facilitated diffusion and active transport
Also for electron transport during cell respiration and photosynthesis.

27
Q

Receptors

A

Binding sites in membranes and cytoplasm for hormones neurotransmitters, tastes, etc

28
Q

Packing of DNA

A

Histones are associiated with DNA in eukaryotes and help chromosomes to condense during mitosis

29
Q

Rate of Activity

A

Temperature - Slow increase and fast decrease
pH - slow increase and decrease
Substrate concentration - slow increase until reaches max, no decrease.

30
Q

Denaturation

A

If active site changes shape, substrate won’t fit

effected by temperature, pH substrate concentration, etc.

31
Q

Lactose Free Milk Production

A

Lactase bound to surface of alhaniate beads.
Milk is passed repeatedly over beads
Lactose is broken down in glucose and galactose
Immobilised enzyme remains to be used again - doesn’t affect quality of lactose free milk.

32
Q

DNA Stucture

A 
Double helix
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Adenine and thymine pair
Guanine and cytosine pair
Phosphate backbone (hydrophilic)
connected to nitrogen base
antiparallel
3' end is pairs to 5' end of other helix
one section is called a nucleoitide.
33
Q

RNA Structure

A

Sinlge stranded
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Uracil and Thymine pair
Cytosine and guanine

34
Q

Nitrogenous Base Pairing

A

Each of nitrogenous bases can only pair with its partner (A-T and G-C)
Called complementary base pairing.
Two new strands formed will be identical to original stand.
Each new strand contains one original and one new strand, therefore DNA replication is said to be a semi-conservative process.
Purines - A, G
Pyrimidines - T, C

35
Q

DNA Helicase

A

Unzips/unwindeds DNA
Separates two polynucleotide strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.
Two separate strands become parent/template strands for replication

36
Q

DNA Polymerase

A 
Creates complementary strands
Moves in a 5' to 3' direction
5' end of new strand is starting point
Catalase the covalent bonds between sugars and phosphate grounds 
Proof reads complementary base pairing
37
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in nucleus
RNA polymerase binds to site on DNA at start of a gene
It separates the DNA strands and synthesised a complementary RNA copy from antisense DNA strand
Done by covalently bonding ribonucleotide triphosphates that align opposite their exposed partner
Once completed, RNA polymerase and RNA detatch and double helix reforms.
RNA moves to ribosomes to start translation.

38
Q

Translation

A

Occurs in the ribosome
mRNA binds to smaller subunit of ribosome
mRNA conatins a series of condons which each of code for an amino acid.
tRNA Molecules contain anticodons, complementary to codons
tRNA bind to specific amino acids that corresponds to an anticodon
Large subunit binds to small subunit of ribosome
3 binding sites of large subunit, only 2 can contain tRNA molecules at a time.
ribosome moves along mRNA and presents codons in first two binding sites
tRNAs with anticodons and codons bind
Peptide bond is formed between two amino acids
As ribosome moves, 3rd binding site detaches.
Another tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to first site and a 2nd peptide bond is formed
the process repeated forming a polypeptide.

39
Q

Messenger RNA

A

mRNA transcribes a copy of a gene to encode a polypeptide.
Length of mRNA molecules varies.
Mammal length roughly 2,200 nucleotides (730 amino acids)

40
Q

Codons

A

64 differend codons which translate to 20 different amino acids
Start - AUG
Stop - UAA or UAG

41
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Enables genetic code to synthesise polypeptides

42
Q

Cell Respiration

A

Controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.

43
Q

Light

A

..

44
Q

Temperature Concentration

A

..

45
Q

Light Concentration

A

..

46
Q

CO2 Concentration

A

..

47
Q

Energy

A

..

48
Q

O2 as Biproduct

A

..

49
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A metabolic pathway consisting of light-dependent reactions.

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 +6O2

50
Q

Cis-Isomers

A 
Common in nature
H on same side as C2
Double bond causes bend in chain
loosely packed
triglycerides form from these
51
Q

Trans-isomers

A 
Rare in nature
H on different side to C2
Double bond doesn't cause bend
Can be closely packed
Triglyceride trans acids are solid at room temp.
52
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

way of producing large quantities of a specific target sequence of DNA.
A repeated Procedure:
Denaturation, Annealing and Elongation.

ib biology sl & hl (11 decks)

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