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IB Biology SL & HL > Unit 1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory States that:

A

All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the smallest unit of life
Cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells multiply though division

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2
Q

Exeptions From Cell Theory:

A

Striated Muscle Cells
Aseptate Fungal Hyphae
Giant Algae

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3
Q

Stiated Muscle Cells are:

A

Multinucleated
Long fibres (300mm)
Surrounded by a single plasma membrane

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4
Q

Aspeptate Fungal Hyphae are:

A 
not a single unit
very long
continuous cytoplasm along multiple cells
Multinucleated
cell walls composed of chitin
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5
Q

Giant algae are;

A
  1. Complex structure
  2. Large size (5-100mm)
  3. Nucleus is located in the rhizoid
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6
Q

MRHGREN

A 
metabolism
response
sensitivity
homeostasis
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition
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7
Q

Differentiation

A

All diploid cells contains the entire set of genetic materials. BUT not all genes are activated in all cells

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8
Q

Stem Cell Pathways

A

Stem cells are unspecialised
Can continuously divide and replicate
Differentiate into specialised cell types

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9
Q

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Unipotent

A

Toti - Differentiate into any cell

Pluri - Differenciate into many types of cells

Multi - Differentiate into few closely related types of cells

Uni - regenerate but can only differentiate into their associated cell type

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10
Q

State Mitochrondria Structure and purpose

A

Double membrane
folded (cristae) inner membrane
Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration

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11
Q

State structure and purpose of 80s ribosomes

A

Larger than 70s
No membrane
Synthesises proteins to function in the cytoplasm for use within the cell.

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12
Q

State structure and purpose of Rough ER

A

Consists of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
Often located near nucleus
80S ribosomes attached to outside of cisternae.
Synthesise proteins which are transported by vesicles to the golgi for modification before secretion outside the cell

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13
Q

Golgi Aparatus structure and purpose

A

Cristernae, like rER

No ribosomes attached

often close to plasma membrane.

Cristernae are shorter and curvier.

Modifies proteins from rER and then are packaged by vesicles for secretion

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14
Q

Visicle structure and purpose

A

Single membrane with fluid inside
Very small in size
larger than ribosomes.
used to transport materials inside the cell

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15
Q

Lysosomes structure and and purpose

A

spherical with singular membrane formed from golgi vesicles.
Contain digestive enzymes
high concentration of enzymes cause organelle to stain heavily (appears dark on micrographs)

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16
Q

Vacuoles structure and purpose

A

Single membrane with fluid inside.

plant cell vacuoles are large and permanent, often occupying majority of cell volume.

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17
Q

Flagellum

A

Thin projection from cell surface
Contain microtubules
Used to move cell
Only in animal cells

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Thin projections from cell surface
Contain microtubules
Used to either move the cell or to move the fluids next to cell
Only animal cells.

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

Small cylindrical fibres
Vary in functions
Eg. Plays a role in cell division.

20
Q

Centrioles

A

Consists of two groups of nine triple microtubules.
Are mainly found in animal cells.
Not present in vascular plants or fungi.

21
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis
Where glucose is produced
Plant cells only

22
Q

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes Reproduce asexually

  1. DNA is replication semi conservatively
  2. Two DNA loops attach to membrane
  3. Membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis) forming two separate cells
  4. Two daughter cells are genetically identical (clones)
23
Q

Calculate Magnification

A

Scale bar measurement / scale bar label

24
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
Smaller than eukaryotes
Came first in terms of evolution.
E. Coli example of prokaryote 
Some strains are toxic to humans and can cause food poisoning.
Ultrastructure of prokaryotes
25
Q

Compartmentalised

A

Efficiency Metabolism - enzymes and substrates localised, much more concentrated

Localised conditions - pH and other factors can be kept at optimal levels.
Optimal pH differs per cell (can be Toxic/damaging)

Substances can be isolated (Digestive enzymes) and stored in lysosomes
Numbers and locations of organelles can be changes dependent on the cell’s requirements.

26
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Can see ultrastructure of cells

27
Q

Phospholipids

A

Has a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail
Amphipathic
Form double layers in water

28
Q

Proteins in lipid bilayer

A

Many different proteins embedded in lipid bilayer

These proteins determine most of membrane specific functions.

29
Q

Cholesterol

A

Disturbs clost packaging of phospholipids
Helps to regulate membrane fluidity
Important for membrane stability

30
Q

Potassium Channels

A

Voltage gated in axons
Enable facilitated diffusion of potassion of on axon
1. More positive charges inside
2. This voltage charges, causes potassium channels to open, allows potassium ions to diffuse out of axon
3. Once voltage conditions change, channel rapidly closes again.

31
Q

Osmotic Control

A

Hypertonic (plasmolyzed) - higher concentration outside cell
Isotonic (flaccid) - equil inside and outside cell
Hypotonic (Turgid) - higher concentration inside cell

32
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Selectively permeable
Small molecules can diffuse easily from simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion
Larger particles need active transport
Large molecules undergo endo/exocytosis

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Takinging in external substances by inward punching of plasma membrane, forming a vesicle.

34
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secreation of substances when a vesicle joins cell plasma membrane.

35
Q

Vesicles

A

Small, spherical packages that form from RER and Golgi
Carry proteins produced by ribosomes on RER to Golgi
Prepared for export from cell via another vesicle.

36
Q

Prophase

A

Centosome move to opposite poles of cell and spindle fibres begin to form between them

DNA supercoils - chromatin condense and become sister chromatids

Nucleus membrane breaks down and disapears

37
Q

Cyclins

A

Protein

  1. Cells cannot progress to next stage of cell cycle unless specific cyclin reaches its threshold
  2. Cyclins bind to enzymes celled cyclin dependent kinases
  3. These kinases then become active and attach phosphate groups to other proteins in the cell
  4. Attachment of phosphate triggers other proteins to become active and carry out tasks (specific to one of the phases of the cycle.
38
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical
double membrane with pores
Contains genetic info in DNA double helix

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds referred to as cristae, variable in shape.
Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration

40
Q

Ribosomes

A

80S ribosomes larger than 70S ribosomes
No membrane
Synthesises proteins to function in cytoplasm
Use within the cell.

41
Q

Rough ER

A

Flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
Located near nucleus
80S ribosomes attached to outside of cristernae
Synthesise proteins which are transported by vesicles to golgi for modification before secretion outside cell.

42
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened membrane sacs called cisternae, like rER
No attached ribosomes
Close to plasma membrane
Cisternae - shorter and curvier
Modifies proteins from rER and then repackaged by vesicles for secretion.

43
Q

Vesicles

A 
Single membrane
Fluid inside
Very small in size
Larger than ribosomes
Used to transport materials inside cell
44
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

Interior of pump opens to inside of axon; 3 sodium ions enter pump and attach to binding sites.

  1. ATP transfers a phosphate group from itself to pump; this causes pump to change shape and interior is then closed.
  2. Interior of pump opens to outside of axon and 3 sodium are released.
  3. Two potassium ions from outside can then enter and attach to their binding sites.
  4. Binding of potassium causes release of phosphate group; this causes pump to change shape again so it only opens to inside of axon.
  5. Interior of pump opens to inside of axon and 2 potassium ions are released. Sodium ions can now enter and bind to the pump again (1).
45
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle Fibres from each end of centromere attach to sister chormatids

46
Q

Anaphase

A

Continued contraction of microtubule
Spindle fibres cause separation of sister chromatids
Chromosomes move to opposite poles

47
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes uncoil and decondense
Chromosomes arrive at poles
New membranes form

IB Biology SL & HL (11 decks)

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