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GCSE Psychology > Unit 2: Memory > Flashcards

Unit 2: Memory Flashcards

Revision for Memory Summative

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1
Q

What does the term processing mean?

A

The operations we perform on sensory information in our brains to understand the data.

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2
Q

What is the term input mean?

A

The sensory information we receive from the environment. We input data into our brains.

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3
Q

What is storage?

A

The retention of information in our memory systems. Where we store the our information in our memory/brains.

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4
Q

What is encoding?

A

Turning our sensory information into various forms that can be understood/used and stored in the brain.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of encoding?

A

Acoustic (sound), Visual (sight), Semantic (meanings)

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6
Q

What is output?

A

The information that we recall, the behavioral response to an action.

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7
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The recall of stored memories, remembering something.

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8
Q

How do we store sensory information unconciously?

A

Encoding the sensory input into an electrochemical memory trace, to be stored in the brain.

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9
Q

How does something go into the STM?

A

Anything given attention to is sent to the STM.

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10
Q

What happens if there is too much information to be attended?

A

Any information over the limit of 5-9 items will get displaced (lost).

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11
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time that information can be stored.

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12
Q

What is capacity?

A

The amount of information that can be stored.

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13
Q

What is the input of the STM?

A

Input: sensory information
Capacity: 5-9 items
Duration: 15-30 seconds
Encoding: acoustic (rehearsal)

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14
Q

What is the input of the LTM?

A

Input: STM
Capacity: unlimited
Duration: unlimited
Encoding: mainly semantic (acoustic or visual)

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15
Q

What is the input of the sensory register?

A

Capacity: Large
Duration: less than a second
Encoding: senses

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16
Q

What is the STM?

A

A temporary store where sensory information that we pay attention to is help for a short time.

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17
Q

What is the LTM?

A

A semi-permanent unlimited store, that can hold information that is encoded for a indefinite period of time.

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18
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

The immediate information we receive from our senses, held for less then a second in the sensory register.

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19
Q

What is Millers number 7 theory?

A

We can only store an average of 7 items in our STM. The key number being 7+-2. His research went onto the MSM.

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20
Q

Who created the MSM?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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21
Q

What is the MSM?

A

A sequential process that contains 3 stages that hold different properties. It shows the process of how we store our sensory information into our memory stores.

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22
Q

What is the process of memory?

A

Encoding, Processing, Storage

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23
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

In a list, we are more likely to be able to recall the first and last items. This is because, the words in the beginning can be successfully encoded into the LTM. But the middle words will then get displaced. The ending words will be fresh in our STM which we can then remember.

24
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson want to find out?

A

The true duration of the STM, and the role of interference with the rehearsal process.

25
Q

What was the procedure of the first trigram test?

A
  • 24 students were asked to do a test individually
  • They were asked to say out loud a trigram
  • Immediately after they were asked to count back in 3s from a set of numbers
  • When signaled a red light they had to repeat the trigram
  • They repeated the experiment with different delay times (48 times - 3,6,9,12,15,18 secs)
26
Q

What was the procedure for the second trigram test?

A

They were given extra time to rehearse their trigrams silently or vocally.

27
Q

What were the results of Peterson and Petersons study?

A

Less delay of distractions had higher scores as STM was able to retain the memory for long enough.

3 secs - 80% accuracy
18 secs - 10% accuracy

28
Q

What was the conclusion of Peterson and Petersons study?

A

Information in the STM fades rapidly if people are not able to rehearse the information.

29
Q

What were strengths of Peterson and Petersons study?

A

Good control over the procedure in order to gain accurate results.
He also had repeats to increase reliability.

30
Q

What were the weaknesses of Petersons and Petersons study?

A

Lacks validity/mundane realism as we don’t normally use our memory for these type of scenarios.

31
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Amnesia is memory loss, often through injuries where head trauma occurs. In which the temporal lobe is damaged.

32
Q

What are the two types of amnesia?

A

Anterograde and Retrograde

33
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde amnesia is a type of amnesia where you are unable to create new memories after the incident. As your rehearsal process is damaged. Therefore no information can pass through to the LTM. But your STM is still intact, so you can have conversations until 15 seconds.

34
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia is a type of amnesia where you are unable to remember any of your memories prior to the accident. Yet it is possible for the patient to still hold some and regain their memories through loved ones triggering them.

35
Q

What was Bartletts theory?

A

Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory states that our memory is an active reconstruction of was we think we see influenced by our schemas. This is because our memory isn’t a perfect process, so a retrieved memory is not likely to be exactly the same when it was made.

36
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a packet of knowledge about an event, person or place that influences how we perceive the world. We interpret the world using our schemas.

37
Q

How are schemas formed?

A

Through our personal experiences, meaning everyone will interpret the same situation differently. As we all have our own different and unique schemas.

38
Q

What are the 4 ways schemas can affect our memory?

A

Omissions, Transformation, Familiarisation and Rationalisation.

39
Q

What are omissions?

A

Leaving out unfamiliar or irrelevant details

40
Q

What are tranformations?

A

Changing details to become more familiar.

41
Q

What is familiarisation?

A

Unfamiliar details changed to align with our schemas.

42
Q

What is rationalisation?

A

Adding details to give a reason for something that may have not fitted with our schemas.

43
Q

What are the strengths of Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory?

A

It can help when testifying against victims as we know our memory is not so reliable.

44
Q

What are the weaknesses of Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory?

A

Bartlett did not have a standardised procedure as he did not keep consistent with the time intervals of telling the story.

45
Q

What was Bartlett’s study?

A

Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts (1932)

46
Q

What did Bartlett do to make sure the terms could be changed?

A

He purposely used unfamiliar terms when writing the story.

47
Q

What were the aims of Bartlett’s war of the ghosts study?

A

To test the nature of reconstructed memory and whether or not our schemas influence what is remembered.

48
Q

What was the procedure of Bartlett’s study?

A
  • 20 british participants were asked to read the ‘War of the Ghosts’ twice at their own pace.
  • Participants were then asked to recall the story either through serial reproduction or repeated reproduction

serial reproduction: participants were asked to reproduce the story to the next person onwards 15 mins after reading it.

repeated reproduction: participant was asked to write out the story after 15 mins, then hours days months and years later.

49
Q

What were the results of Bartlett’s study?

A

He used qualitative analysis to look for changes in the study. Themes stayed the same when using repeated reproduction. Participants tended to change details into more familiar things (familiarisation) eg. canoe turned to boat, hunting became fishing.

50
Q

What were the strengths of Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts study?

A

He was very chill about the procedures and tried to get a natural way so that participants don’t have demand characteristics, although he did not do this with in mind. It was also more ecologically valid.

51
Q

What were the weaknesses of Bartletts War of the Ghosts?

A

The same findings have been proved by other studies.

52
Q

What is reductionism?

A

The idea the human behaviour is best explained when broken down/reduced into smaller parts.

53
Q

What is holism?

A

The idea that human behaviour is best explained when seen as a whole - the interactions between everything is what makes something a whole.

54
Q

What is a reductionist model?

A

The Multi-Store Model of Memory

55
Q

What is a holistic theory?

A

Bartlett’s theory of Reconstructive Memory

56
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the reductionist theory?

A

Helps us understand the process and reasons behind why the end product is the way it is. Yet it is overly simplistic and misses out important factors that influence end product (interactions)

57
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the holism theory?

A

Factors in all the factors of the end product giving an accurate response. But doesn’t explain how of what something is the way it is.

GCSE Psychology (7 decks)

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