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RE > UNIT 2: Life & Death > Flashcards

UNIT 2: Life & Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Afterlife?

A

Life after death; the belief that existence continues after physical death. For example, Muslims believe that after we die, we either go to Jannah (heaven) or Jahannam (hell).

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2
Q

What is Environmental Sustainability?

A

Ensuring that the demands placed on natural resources can be met without reducing capacity to allow all people and other species of animals, as well as plant life, to live well, now and in the future. For example, recycling is being sustainable.

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3
Q

What is Euthanasia?

A

The act of killing or permitting death of a person who is suffering from a serious illness. For example, a type of euthanasia is voluntary euthanasia where the patient gives consent.

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4
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The process by which different living creatures are believed to have developed from earlier less complex forms during the history of the earth. For example, atheists believe humans evolved from apes.

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5
Q

What is Abortion?

A

When a pregnancy is ended so that it does not result in the birth of a child. For example, some people are pro-life where they believe abortion is morally wrong.

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6
Q

What is Quality of Life?

A

The extent to which life is meaningful and pleasurable. For example, an indicator for the quality of life is a country’s wealth.

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7
Q

What is the Sanctity of Life?

A

The belief that life is precious, or sacred. For many religious believers, only human life holds this status. For example, in Christianity murder is forbidden because it devalues the sanctity of life.

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8
Q

What is the Soul?

A

The spiritual aspect of a being; that which connects someone to God. The soul is often regarded as non-physical and as living on after physical death, in an afterlife. For example, Christians believe that after we die our soul goes to either heaven or hell.

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9
Q

BIG BANG THEORY (Humanism)

A
  • Many of those who do not identify with a religion or a higher being believe that the universe was formed by the big bang.
  • According to the big bang theory the universe began from a single point that kept expanding in to particles.
  • The evidence for the big bang is red shift.
  • This led to the formation of stars and planets.
  • Non- religious individuals accept that the universe will continue expanding for billion of years.
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10
Q

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION (Humanism)

A
  • Many of those who do not identify with a religion or a higher being believe that humans exist because of evolution.
  • This theory was introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the origin of the species.
  • According to Darwin, humans and all living things exist because we have evolved. For example, humans are related to apes.
  • This means once we were simple beings but as life went on we gathered complex characteristics.
  • Non- religious individuals accept that this process will repeat itself over and over again.
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11
Q

CREATION (Literal Christians)

QUOTE

A

“In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. Let there be light’ and there was light.” - Genesis 2:4-2:25
-God created Earth so He created humans

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12
Q

CREATION (Literal Christians)

A
  • God created Adam and Eve so therefore God created humans.

- A literal Christians would be against the big bang and evolution and say it’s blasphemy as God created everything.

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13
Q

CREATION (Liberal Christians)

A
  • God said for Evolution and The Big Bang
  • Genesis 1 and 2 say different things. Genesis 1 says humans were created last and Genesis 2 says humans were created first.
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14
Q

CREATION (Literal Muslims)

QUOTE

A

“Your Lord is God who created the Heavens and Earth in six days” - Quran 7:54

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15
Q

CREATION (Literal Muslims)

A

-The Quran teaches Allah is the sole creator of and
sustainer of human life.
-Therefore a literal Muslim would be against the big bang and evolution.

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16
Q

CREATION (Liberal Muslims)

QUOTE

A

“travel through the land and observe how he began creation” - (Quran 29)

-Allah may have created the big bang and evolution

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17
Q

CREATION (Liberal Muslims)

A
  • Islam is a religion that supports and urges its followers to seek knowledge and search for the origin of life.
  • So, Muslims are required to pursue a journey of understanding, a journey that cannot be begun by ignoring scientific evidence.
  • Therefore Allah created the grounds for the Big Bang and Evolution
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18
Q

CREATION (Humanism)

QUOTE

A

‘for years mankind has been told what to think and what to believe by shamans, priests and ideologies’ - Stephen Fry

  • people should be allowed to believe what they want
  • not everyone will agree with what religious books say
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19
Q

CREATION (Humanism)

A
  • a humanist would believe in evolution and the big bang based on scientific evidence
  • they would think the Bible and Qur’an are wrong as God does not exist so He could not have created humans & earth
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20
Q

THE DESIGN ARGUMENT

A
  • Paley used the analogy of the watch.
  • If we found a watch we would assume that it has a watchmaker/designer.
  • The watch is perfectly designed by someone intelligent.
  • Therefore the existence of the universe would mean there is God
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21
Q

What is Stewardship?

A

Stewardship is taking care of animals and the environment. An example of stewardship is the act of making wise use of the natural resources provided by the earth.

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22
Q

STEWARDSHIP (Christianity)

QUOTES

A

1) “You made them rulers of the works
of your hands” - Psalm 8:56

  • this means God has given humans dominion over all living creatures on the Earth, so they are not practicing stewardship
    2) “Adam was placed in the Garden of Eden to cultivate and care for it”. - Genesis 2:15
  • God gave humans the responsibility to take care of the environment, therefore stewardship is encouraged
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23
Q

STEWARDSHIP (Christianity)

EXAMPLE

A

-an example of Christians practicing stewardship is the cardboard Cathedral. This is a good example as they are not harming the environment and are being sustainable.

24
Q

STEWARDSHIP (Islam)

A

-animals are not as important as humans but Muhammad said animals must be treated with care. The planet relies on our balance.

  • the story of the prostitute and the dog: the prostitute sinned a lot. One day, a thirsty dog came panting, a religious lady saw but refused to give it water but the prostitute did. Allah forgave her and gave her eternal heaven.
  • this story shows that practicing stewardship can help you get into Jannah

-an example of Muslims practicing stewardship is the Cambridge eco mosque.

25
Q

STEWARDSHIP (Humanism)

A
  • We should have a responsibility to work towards a more sustainable world but not because God said.
  • We should cause little harm to the environment.
26
Q

SANCTITY OF LIFE (Christianity)

QUOTE

A

‘So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.’ - Genesis 1:27

-this means human lives are strictly sacred and precious as God created us, so we should not kill others easily

27
Q

SANCTITY OF LIFE (Islam)

QUOTE

A

“Do not kill the soul which God has forbidden.” - Qur’an 6:15

-this means God has forbidden us to kill his creations, humans, meaning it’s a sin, so human lives are sacred and precious. Therefore, abortion and suicide should not be done.

28
Q

SANCTITY OF LIFE (Humanism)

A
  • Life is not sacred but should be respected
  • The value of our life does not come from God
  • We only have one life which will end forever when we die.
  • The central purpose of life is to make everyone around us happy.
29
Q

ABORTION (Catholic)

A

-life begins at conception therefore abortion is forbidden
-the Catholic Church states ‘You shall
not kill the embryo by abortion.’

30
Q

ABORTION (Protestant)

A

-The Church of England has said that abortion may be “morally preferable” in some situations.

31
Q

ABORTION (Muslim)

A
  • ‘Do not kill your children for fear of poverty.’ - Qur’an
  • Allah is all loving so some situations will require an abortion.
  • The mothers right are greater in the first 120 days of pregnancy.
32
Q

ABORTION (Humanist)

A
  • Humanists will prioritise happiness (quality of life).

- Therefore abortion is allowed if you have considered the long and short term effects.

33
Q

VOLUNTARY/ASSISTED SUICIDE

A

-when the patient asks for help to be killed

34
Q

ACTIVE EUTHANASIA

A

-when the patient actively takes an overdose

35
Q

PASSIVE EUTHANASIA

A

-ending life support

36
Q

INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA

A

-killing someone without their consent

37
Q

EUTHANASIA (Conservative Christian)

A
  • Murder goes against the Ten Commandments ‘thou shall not kill’
  • Suffering is a test and God would not make us suffer more than we need to.
  • Christian Hospices should be used for help and support.
38
Q

EUTHANASIA (Liberal Christian)

A
  • Jesus taught us to be loving

- If a person is brain dead we should turn off life support.

39
Q

EUTHANASIA (Conservative Muslim)

A

‘It is not possible for one to die except by permission of Allah.’ - Quran 3:145

  • We should show compassion to patients in pain regardless.
  • The soul is perfect and that is what matters to Allah.
40
Q

EUTHANASIA (Liberal Muslim)

A
  • Muslim lawyers have agreed that a patient who has no hope of recovery can have their machines turned off.
  • The machine is useless
41
Q

EUTHANASIA (Humanism)

A

Peter Singer:

  • The quality of life will override the sanctity of life.
  • The patient should have a choice.
  • This is a fundamental human right.
42
Q

THE SLIPPERY SLOPE ARGUMENT

A

Allowing voluntary euthanasia will lead to allowing involuntary euthanasia.

43
Q

DUALISM

A

the physical body and the spiritual soul are two separate parts. It is the soul that will live on after we
die.

44
Q

NON-DUALISM

A

the physical body and soul are not separate but one.

45
Q

MATERIALISM

A

there is no such thing as a soul. All we have is a body.

46
Q 
THE SOUL (Christian)
QUOTE
A

‘God breathed a soul into us.’ - Genesis 2:1

Aquinas taught that ensoulment happens straight after conception

47
Q

THE SOUL (Christian)

A

Dualist Christians:

-The soul is separate from the body and will go to
everlasting life in heaven

Non –Dualist Christians:

-The body and soul cannot be separated
-Just like Jesus, the body and soul will united
on Judgement day.

48
Q

THE SOUL (Muslim)

A
  • According to the Qur’an, God made Adam from the ‘earth’, so we have a physical body.
  • We are also blessed with a soul (ruh); this is the non-physical part of our being which makes us a real person.
  • The Quran says that ‘Every new-born child is born in a state of “fitrah” (purity).’
  • It is the purpose of the soul is for us to submit to Allah.
49
Q

THE SOUL (Humanist)

A
  • Humanists are materialists.
  • When we die we become a skeleton and dirt.
  • No soul will live on.

-The philosopher and humanist Gilbert Ryle used the phrase the ‘ghost in the machine’. This refers to the idea that humans may think they have a soul, but in reality there is nothing there.

50
Q 
THE AFTERLIFE (Christian)
QUOTE
A

“I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die.” - John 11:25

-those that believe in Jesus will be able to live on even after they die, in heaven, proving that the afterlife exists

51
Q

ISLAMIC KEYWORDS

A 
Akhirah = afterlife
Barzakh = a place of waiting before judgement day
Jannah = heaven 
Jahannam = hell
52
Q 
THE AFTERLIFE (Muslim)
QUOTE
A

‘Indeed we belong to Allah , and indeed to Him we will return.’ - Quran 2:156

  • this means that every soul created by Allah will eventually return back to Him after death
  • therefore this is evident that the Akhirah (afterlife) exists
53
Q

THE AFTERLIFE (Humanist)

A

-humanists would argue that there is no such thing as an afterlife because they don’t believe souls exist

54
Q

A CHRISTIAN FUNERAL

A
  • Psalm 23, ‘The Lord is my shepherd.’ is often read at funerals
  • John 11:25, ‘I am the resurrection and the life.’
  • everyone gathers before the funeral party
  • there will be prayers
  • hymns will be sung
  • reading from the bible
  • death is not the end
55
Q

A MUSLIM FUNERAL

A
  • The Kalimah/Shahadah
  • Qur’an 20:55 “From the Earth We created you. And into it We shall cause you to return and from it We shall bring you forth once more.”
  • to maintain purity, oud oil is sprinkled
  • body is covered in white
  • coffin is covered with a rug that has the last Quran chapter
  • body is buried within 24 hours
  • community is encouraged to attend, more people more chance to get into heaven
  • period of silence, name of dead person is not mentioned
56
Q

A HUMANIST/NON RELIGIOUS FUNERAL

A
  • Service led by a humanist celebrant
  • The service will try to show respect for the dead person without suggesting that they are going to a better place. They will be remembered for their special, unique qualities, the life they led and the achievements they made.

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