Unit 2 - Industrialization of the US

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

The transition from creating goods by hand to using machines.

Question 2

Assembly Line

Answer 2

A manufacturing process that allows for finished and almost finished parts to be installed in sequence to automate and reduce the time needed to assemble a finished good. Made by Henry Ford.

Question 3

Mass Production

Answer 3

A manufacturing process where goods are produced in large quantities using standardized designs, machinery, and assembly line techniques.

Question 4

Robber Baron

Answer 4

A person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices (originally with reference to prominent US businessmen in the late 19th century).

Question 5

Entrepreneur

Answer 5

A person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss in order to make money.

Question 6

Factory

Answer 6

A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.

Question 7

Urbanization

Answer 7

The process of making an area more urban.

Question 8

Immigration

Answer 8

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Question 9

Nativism

Answer 9

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Question 10

Manifest Destiny

Answer 10

The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

Question 12

Reconstruction

Answer 12

The historic period in which the United States grappled with the question of how to integrate millions of newly freed African Americans into social, political, and labor systems. Main focus was on bringing the southern states back into full political participation in the Union.

Question 13

Black Codes

Answer 13

Restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War.

Question 14

Segregation

Answer 14

The action of separating people, historically on the basis of race and/or gender.

Question 15

Transcontinental Railroad

Answer 15

Any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U.S. Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nation’s eastern trunk line rail systems.

Question 16

Homestead Act

Answer 16

Provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Made so more people would go west.

Question 17

Assimilation

Answer 17

The process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas.

Question 18

Capitalism

Answer 18

An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Question 19

Laissez Faire

Answer 19

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

Question 20

Social Darwinism

Answer 20

The idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better.

Question 21

Monopoly

Answer 21

A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market.

Question 22

Business Trust

Answer 22

An agreement that allows one party, known as a trustee, to hold, manage, and direct assets or property on behalf of another party, called the beneficiary.

Question 23

Populist Party

Answer 23

A third-party movement that sprang up in the 1890’s and drew support especially from disgruntled farmers. The platform also called for a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, a shorter workweek, restrictions on immigration to the United States, and public ownership of railroads and communication lines.

Question 23

Farmers Alliances

Answer 23

An American agrarian movement during the 1870’s and ‘80’s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy.

Question 24

Socialism

Answer 24

A political and economic system in which property and the means of production are owned in common, typically controlled by the state or government.

Question 25

Labor Union

Answer 25

An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Question 26

Collective Bargaining

Answer 26

Workers formed organized groups so that they could bargain for and secure better workplace safety, wages, and hours. These organized groups of laborers were known as unions.

Question 27

Discrimination

Answer 27

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

Question 28

Tenement

Answer 28

A room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.

Question 29

Muckraker

Answer 29

A group of American writers, photographers, artists, and others who identified with pre-World War I reform and exposé writing.

Question 30

Sweatshop

Answer 30

A factory or workshop where workers are treated unfairly, for example having low wages, working long hours, and in poor conditions.

Question 31

Reform

Answer 31

To amend or improve by change of form or removal of faults or abuses.

Question 32

Suffrage

Answer 32

The right for people to vote.

Question 33

Political Machine

Answer 33

A political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives such as bribes, especially to the poor or immigrants.

Question 34

Lowell Mills

Answer 34

Mills that allowed women and young girls to have jobs for the first time. Had long hours with horrible working conditions.

Question 35

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 35

Led by Nat Turner, a white man, the rebels killed between 55 and 65 White people, making it the deadliest slave revolt in U.S. history. He tried to collect slaves on the way. The south made stricter laws after this.

Question 36

The Compromise of 1850

Answer 36

California would be a free state, there would be stricter fugitive slaves laws, slave trade would be prohibited in Washington D.C., and popular sovereignty would be used to decided if a state would be a free or slave state. However this pleased no one.

Question 37

Bleeding Kansas

Answer 37

Kansas was above the Missouri Compromise however popular sovereignty said that it would be a slave state. Violence erupted. Southern congressmen Preston Brooks assaulted Sumner with a cane on the senate floor.

Question 38

Carpetbaggers

Answer 38

Referred to Republicans who recently migrated from the North to the South during reconstruction.

Question 39

Scalawags

Answer 39

Referred to the southern-born radicals.

Question 40

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Answer 40

An act that provided food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

Question 41

Pacific Railroad Act

Answer 41

Authorized the building of the Transcontinental Railroad.

Question 42

Morill Land Grant Act

Answer 42

Gave public land to find agriculture, merchant, and military science colleges.

Question 43

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 43

Ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.

Question 44

Corporation

Answer 44

A business in which investors own shares, usually called stocks.

Question 45

Conglomerate

Answer 45

Corporation that owns a group of unrelated companies.

Question 46

Pool

Answer 46

Companies which agree to split business and fix prices.

Question 47

Trust

Answer 47

Group of corporations in the same or related fields that sometimes agreed to combine under a single board of trustees that controlled all actions.

Question 48

The Square Deal

Answer 48

Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Question 49

Melting Pot Theory

Answer 49

People would mix their cultures to form a new Americanized culture.

Question 50

Old Immigration

Answer 50

Most came from northern and western Europe. Potato famine in Ireland, a revolution in Germany, and others came for better economic opportunities.

Question 51

Grandfather Clauses

Answer 51

The clause said you could not vote unless your grandfather had voted. This was used to deny suffrage for African Americans.

Question 52

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Answer 52

Provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States.

Question 53

Conspicuous Consumption

Answer 53

The purchase of goods or services for the specific purpose of displaying one’s wealth.

Question 54

Haymarket Riot

Answer 54

A labor protest rally near Chicago’s Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day.

Question 55

Pullman Strike

Answer 55

Widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States

Question 56

Great Railway Strike

Answer 56

Series of violent rail strikes across the United States in 1877. Was the first strike that spread across multiple different states in the U.S.

Question 57

Temperance Movement

Answer 57

A social movement promoting temperance or complete abstinence from consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Question 58

Pendleton Act

Answer 58

Provided selection of some government employees by competitive exams rather than ties to politicians. Illegal to fire or demote some government officials for political reasons.

Question 59

Arbitration

Answer 59

Settling legal issues outside of the courts. Is also called mediation.

Question 60

Picketing

Answer 60

Protesting outside of factories to stop others from going in

Question 61

Lockout

Answer 61

Lock workers out of work so that they can’t get paid

Question 62

Injunction

Answer 62

Court order to return to work/not strike

Question 63

Knights of Labor

Answer 63

Wanted social reforms (8-hour work days, no child labor, opportunities for women). Tactics included going on strike and allowing ANYONE to join their union.

Question 64

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Answer 64

Wanted immediate changes in better working hours, wages, and conditions. “Bread and Butter”; peaceful bargaining negotiations.

Question 65

Kansas and Nebraska Act

Answer 65

Repealed the Missouri Compromise. Allowed for popular sovereignty.

Question 66

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 66

The first women’s rights convention. The meeting launched the women’s suffrage movement

Question 67

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 67

The document was based on the Declaration of Independence. It proclaimed that “all men and women are created equal” and resolved that women would take action to claim the rights of citizenship denied to them by men.

Question 68

Texas Revolution

Answer 68

Was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. Texas won, leading to its independence.

Question 69

Powerloom

Answer 69

Used to weave cloth and tapestry. Made it so only one factory was needed to make and weave cloth.

Question 70

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Answer 70

A fire that started in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. Many young girls who were living there died either from the fire or jumping off the fire escape ladder. There was only one escape ladder. The entrance was also locked from the outside to ensure that the girls would work the entire shift.

Question 71

Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

Answer 71

Three powers reserved to the voters to enable them, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.​

Question 72

Greenback Party

Answer 72

a political party formed after the Civil War advocating the use of fiat money (a type of currency that is declared legal tender by a government but has no intrinsic or fixed value and is not backed by any tangible asset, such as gold or silver) and opposing the reduction of paper currency.

Question 73

Bull Moose Party

Answer 73

Formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912.

Question 74

Executive Privilege

Answer 74

The privilege, claimed by the president for the executive branch of the US government, of withholding information in the public interest.

Question 75

Naval Quarantine

Answer 75

Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade, or a ring of ships, around Cuba. The aim of this “quarantine,” as he called it, was to prevent the Soviets from bringing in more military supplies. He demanded the removal of the missiles already there and the destruction of the sites.

Question 76

Alliance for Progress

Answer 76

10-year plan proposed by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 to foster economic cooperation between North and South America, particularly aimed at countering the perceived communist threat from Cuba.