Unit 2 Industrialization Flashcards
How did the American economy transform from an agricultural economy to an increasingly industrial economy?
Urbanization helped in increasing the economy. There was also a development of new machines. Also, skyscrapers, new transportation, and tenement housing
What were the primary reasons the United States transformed from primarily agricultural nation to the greatest industrial power in the world?
Natural resources, large populations, new technology, free enterprise
How did business leaders like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller revolutionize their respective industries?
Rockefeller revolutionized the oil company with vertical integration when companies buy production parts to make a product. Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry with horizontal integration when companies buy other companies
What were the primary causes of the widespread unionization of industrial workers during the late 19th century?
Some causes were better working conditions and wages
To what extent was the American labor movement successfully creating change during the late 19th century?
These labor movements pushed the government and other industries to increase wages and include some better working conditions.
How did the growth of the railroads in the late 19th century spur the Industrial Revolution and economic growth in the U.S.?
It gave people more jobs and also provided another way to transport people and products
Describe the consequences of the rise of large corporations during the Industrial Revolution
The creation of monopolies meant that consumers didn’t have many choices, faced higher prices
Describe the causes of unionization and evaluate the effectiveness of the major labor unions of the late 19th century
The causes of unionization were bad working conditions and higher wages. These bad working conditions also contributed to the failure of safety in the machines. Also, the inside of the working spaces wasn’t sanitized very well or sometimes at all, which increased the chance of disease and illness.
trusts
one corporation managing another
Ways the government became involved in the railroad industry
Pacific Railroad Act, land grants, injunctions to keep employees working
strike
The union tactic of a work stoppage used as leverage in bargaining with management
closed shop
The union tactic of requiring that every employee joins and remains in the union during their employment
arbitration
The union’s tactic of entering into negotiations with management using a 3rd party whose ruling is binding
injunction
The management tactic of asking the government to issue a court order forcing workers to stop striking
yellow dog contract
The management tactic of requiring employees to agree to leave or not join a union
scab labor
The management tactic of replacing striking workers with non-union temporary or permanent employees
collective bargaining
The process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract that applies to all employees (not just individual employees)
injunction
An order which legally prevents something (in this case prevented strikes in industries considered too important to go on strike)
yellow-dog contract
an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.
arbitration
settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider (union leadership and management had to negotiate and work with a third party)
scab labor
replacement workers that take the jobs of the union workers on strike (keep factory operating which undermines strike but allows company to continue to function)
free market
government will stay out of the economy, place few regulations/rules on businesses - motivated entrepreneurs to start businesses and could make a profit without being told what to do
land grants
free land given by government to build or help finance railroad (companies could use land or sell it for money)
trusts
one corporation can manage another corporation’s property (a loophole to make a monopoly)
horizontel integration
practice of forming a monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition
vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
strikes
times when workers refuse to work until owners improve conditions (better wages, shorter hours, safer conditions, etc.)
lockout
a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities to work
blacklist
list of persons who were not hired because of suspected union ties
boycotts
People refuse to buy a company’s product until the company meets demands (in this case demands of the union)
causes of Industrialization
natural resources, growing population, new inventions, laissez faire
causes of Unionization
long hours, low pay, unsafe work conditions, wealth gap (workers hard work was funding the millionaire owners)
