Unit 2 Industrialization

Question 1

How did the American economy transform from an agricultural economy to an increasingly industrial economy?

Answer 1

Urbanization helped in increasing the economy. There was also a development of new machines. Also, skyscrapers, new transportation, and tenement housing

Question 2

What were the primary reasons the United States transformed from primarily agricultural nation to the greatest industrial power in the world?

Answer 2

Natural resources, large populations, new technology, free enterprise

Question 3

How did business leaders like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller revolutionize their respective industries?

Answer 3

Rockefeller revolutionized the oil company with vertical integration when companies buy production parts to make a product. Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry with horizontal integration when companies buy other companies

Question 4

What were the primary causes of the widespread unionization of industrial workers during the late 19th century?

Answer 4

Some causes were better working conditions and wages

Question 5

To what extent was the American labor movement successfully creating change during the late 19th century?

Answer 5

These labor movements pushed the government and other industries to increase wages and include some better working conditions.

Question 6

How did the growth of the railroads in the late 19th century spur the Industrial Revolution and economic growth in the U.S.?

Answer 6

It gave people more jobs and also provided another way to transport people and products

Question 7

Describe the consequences of the rise of large corporations during the Industrial Revolution

Answer 7

The creation of monopolies meant that consumers didn’t have many choices, faced higher prices

Question 8

Describe the causes of unionization and evaluate the effectiveness of the major labor unions of the late 19th century

Answer 8

The causes of unionization were bad working conditions and higher wages. These bad working conditions also contributed to the failure of safety in the machines. Also, the inside of the working spaces wasn’t sanitized very well or sometimes at all, which increased the chance of disease and illness.

Question 9

trusts

Answer 9

one corporation managing another

Question 10

Ways the government became involved in the railroad industry

Answer 10

Pacific Railroad Act, land grants, injunctions to keep employees working

Question 11

strike

Answer 11

The union tactic of a work stoppage used as leverage in bargaining with management

Question 12

closed shop

Answer 12

The union tactic of requiring that every employee joins and remains in the union during their employment

Question 13

arbitration

Answer 13

The union’s tactic of entering into negotiations with management using a 3rd party whose ruling is binding

Question 14

injunction

Answer 14

The management tactic of asking the government to issue a court order forcing workers to stop striking

Question 15

yellow dog contract

Answer 15

The management tactic of requiring employees to agree to leave or not join a union

Question 16

scab labor

Answer 16

The management tactic of replacing striking workers with non-union temporary or permanent employees

Question 17

collective bargaining

Answer 17

The process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract that applies to all employees (not just individual employees)

Question 18

injunction

Answer 18

An order which legally prevents something (in this case prevented strikes in industries considered too important to go on strike)

Question 19

yellow-dog contract

Answer 19

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Question 20

arbitration

Answer 20

settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider (union leadership and management had to negotiate and work with a third party)

Question 21

scab labor

Answer 21

replacement workers that take the jobs of the union workers on strike (keep factory operating which undermines strike but allows company to continue to function)

Question 22

free market

Answer 22

government will stay out of the economy, place few regulations/rules on businesses - motivated entrepreneurs to start businesses and could make a profit without being told what to do

Question 23

land grants

Answer 23

free land given by government to build or help finance railroad (companies could use land or sell it for money)

Question 24

trusts

Answer 24

one corporation can manage another corporation’s property (a loophole to make a monopoly)

Question 25

horizontel integration

Answer 25

practice of forming a monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition

Question 26

vertical integration

Answer 26

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Question 27

strikes

Answer 27

times when workers refuse to work until owners improve conditions (better wages, shorter hours, safer conditions, etc.)

Question 28

lockout

Answer 28

a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities to work

Question 29

blacklist

Answer 29

list of persons who were not hired because of suspected union ties

Question 30

boycotts

Answer 30

People refuse to buy a company’s product until the company meets demands (in this case demands of the union)

Question 31

causes of Industrialization

Answer 31

natural resources, growing population, new inventions, laissez faire

Question 32

causes of Unionization

Answer 32

long hours, low pay, unsafe work conditions, wealth gap (workers hard work was funding the millionaire owners)