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WJEC Criminology > Unit 2 Individualistic theories AC2.2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Individualistic theories AC2.2 Flashcards

Includes Social learning theoy, Psychodynamic theories and Psychological

1
Q

what is the first individualistic theory and who is it by

A

Social learning theory
Bandura

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2
Q

what is the main idea behind Banduras social learning theory

A

believed that the thoery missed out elements of observational learning
criminals observe criminal acts, encode and then imitate them

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3
Q

what is observational learning

A

children exposed to different role models
observing behaviour is encoded (learned) then imitated

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4
Q

what type of reinforcement is it that involved praise and reward for doing something good

A

direct reinforcement

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5
Q

what is vicarious reinforcements

A

secondary-watching someone else getting a reward means you are more likely to want one (same for punishment)

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6
Q

what is Banduras view on role models

A

tend to be:
similar in gender, race, age
similar in circumstance- socio-economic
role models and behaviour can be viewed as gender appropriate
vicarious reinforcement from role models encourages you by seeing others recieve positive consequences from them

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7
Q

Summarise Banduras The bobo doll study

A

main idea: how far observations impact actions - aggreasion
children ages 3-5 placed in a room with an adult, adult showed violence towards the doll, then left the room and waited to see if the child would imitate
(also tested the role models as being cartoon characters on TV)

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8
Q

what where the findings of the bobo doll study - Bandura

A

children would imitate both role models whether if angry or calm behaviour was shown
closest imitations was when they were the same gender
girls and boys were equally verbally aggressive-boys more physically aggressive

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9
Q

what are some evaluation points for Banduras study

A

there was no punishment in the room so there was no fear of punishment from the children
big educational gap between 3-5
hugely unethical - forcing kids to be angry
can not generalise onto all criminals
using a toy - people act differently with toys then people

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10
Q

what is the main weakness from Banduras study and what is the alterative process

A

its not just enough to do it once and expect children to immediately imitate
alterative process: Mediational Processes

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11
Q

what are Mediational Processes

A

Attention - paying attention to models behaviour
Retention - encode and recall needs to be placed into long term memory
Production - must feel capable of reproducing the behaviour
Motavition - if not motivated by reward, unlikely to copy behaviour

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12
Q

what was Freuds main idea

A

Personality has driving forces causing us to act in a certain way - urges, feelings and confilcts within unconscious mind
Criminal behaviour = failure to resolve inner confilcts in a socially active way
Behaviour as an adult = direct cause from childhood experiances

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13
Q

what kind of throughts are kept in the unconscious mind according to Freud

A

Most thoughts
Deviant and sexual desires

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14
Q

what are the 3 sections that unconscious mind is split into

A

ID, Ego, Superego

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15
Q

what is the ID

A

‘Pleasure principle’
100% unconscious
Immedite gratifcation
Avoid pain/seek plesuare
The only one primarily at birth

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16
Q

what is the Superego

A

Mostly Unconscious
Moral principles
Your conscience
Give into ID = Superego makes us feel guilty
Nobody chosses to have Superego - in the first 5 years the Superego is forced on you by family

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17
Q

what is the Ego

A

Mostly conscience
Reality principle
Balances ID and Superego in realilty - delayed gratifaction

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18
Q

what is the ‘psyche’

A

Personality
Blend with all 3 elements
First 5 years if effected = you will not have a balanced ‘psyche’
Childhood experiances determine ‘psyche’ (personality)

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19
Q

what is a healthy ‘psyche’

A

ID and Superego in balance - dont ignore urges but balance it out with norms/values (allows Ego time to decide)
Delayed gratifaction to satisfy both ID and Superego

20
Q

what is an unblanced ‘psyche’

A

Superego is under imbalanced or over imbalanced - ID stays the same
ID or Superego is controlling
Belive crime comes from this

21
Q

where does Freud think anti-social behaviour comes from

A

Early socialisation with parent relationship e.g neglect, strict parenting leads to a weak Superego

22
Q

what are the 3 types of Superego and what are they

A

Weakly developed Superego - feels less guilt about anti-social actions from ID
Unforgiving Superego - deep feelings of guilt and crave punishment to relieve the guilt
Deviant Superego - socialised into deviant moral code crime is internalised into morals - dont feel guilty

23
Q

what are the 2 ideas of having a too stong Superego constantly stopping ID

A

1 - anxiety and frustration will build up and pent up and release as extreme criminal behaviour e.g rape, muder
2 - Superego is so dominant that only way to relieve guilt is to be punished; some people commit crime on purpose so they can get caught and punished

24
Q

what is a potential solution to Freuds theory

A

Psychoanalysis - expensive and takes a lot of time

25
Q

what is the second psychodynamic theory

A

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory

26
Q

what is the main idea behind Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory

A

Agrees with Fraud that early childhood was important in developing a healthy personality and mind
children who experience maternal deprivation are more likely to go on to be ‘affectionless psychopaths’

27
Q

what was the study bowlby did for his maternal deprivation theory

A

44 Thieves study

28
Q

summarise the aim and procedure of bowlys 44 thieves study

A

Aim: investigate long term effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see whether deliquants have suffered deprivation
Procedure: 44 were thieves and 44 werent and both took an IQ test by psychologist who tested they attitude towards test
At same time the parents were interviewed on childs early life

29
Q

what were the findings of Bowly’s 44 thieves study

A

more than 50% of thieves had experiences maternal deprivation for longer than 6 months before age of 5
32% of thieves diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths
control group only 5% suffered maternal deprivation

30
Q

what are some evaluation points for bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory

A

shows importants of parent-child relationship
bowlby was a psychiatrist- biased?
retrospective study- problematic as it relied on memory
what about other thieves, deprivation cannot be the only cause
may not reflect modern families

31
Q

what is the first psychological theory

A

Eysencks Personality theory

32
Q

what is the main arguement behind Eysencks personality theory

A

Criminlaity is the result of a particular personality
Extraversion versus introversion (E)- how extroverted or introverted you are
Neurotecism versus emotional stability (N) - unstable or stable
Criminals are mor extroverted and neurotic

33
Q

how does genetic affect this theory according to Eysenck

A

We inherit a nervous system that causes them to develop a criminal personality
Extroverts have under-aroused nervous system and seek excitement
Neuroticism as high means they over power conditioning and do not learn

34
Q

what is conditioning

A

Learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Learn to seek rewards and avoid punishments

35
Q

how do you know what personality you have according to Eysenck

A

Personality questionaires

36
Q

what is psychoticism and why was it made

A

It is a third dimension in the personality questionaire
It was added as the personality test wasnt fitting as well to everyone
it measures aggression, intensive, cruelness and lack of empathy

37
Q

what does psychoticism have a close link to

A

testosterone and might overlap with serious mental health issues such as schizophrenia

38
Q

how did Eysenck obtain data for his theory

A

assessed 2070 male prisoners with 2422 control group and E, N and P scores ranked higher than the control group

39
Q

give some evaluation points for Eysencks personality theory

A

those who have the ‘criminal personality’ dont all become criminals
could he be measuring the impact of prison on people
looks at both environmental as well as biological
potential to be applied to a wide scope but mainly falling into wiolent and impulsive crime

40
Q

what is the second psychological theory

A

Kohlbergs moral development theory

41
Q

what is the main idea behind Kohlbergs moral development theory

A

childrens cognition development is in stages and see if our moral reasoning changes with age
believes people are split into 3 levels of reasoning for commiting crime or the potential to commit crime

42
Q

what is level 1 of Kohlbergs moral development theory

A

Pre-conventional morality
Stage1: make decisions based of fear of punishment
Stage 2: make decisions based off personal gain - if can avoid punishment then we carry out the act

43
Q

what is level 2 of Kohlbergs moral development theory

A

Conventional morality (most are not criminals but can be if raised on deviant norms and values)
Stage 3: follow majority view of society - deemed right thing to do because everyone else is doing it
Stage 4: make decisions based on upholding social order and realise law are in place for safety overall

44
Q

what is level 3 of Kohlbergs moral development theory

A

Post Conventional morality
stage 5: realise rules sometimes need to be broken for the good of your personal interest
Stage 6: absorbed own universal ethical principle
willing to face consequences if they need to fight for these particular principles

45
Q

what was Kohlbergs study 1958

A

75 boys aged 10-16 from chicago
58 boys were followed up every 3 years for 20 years
2 hour interviews
heard 10 different dilemmas and noted their answers

46
Q

give some evaluation points for Kohlbergs moral develoment theory

A

very reductionist
no control group and small sample size
what about moral behaviour?
one person might be more than one level depending on circumstance and experiences
covers a very wide range of crime
deterministic in terms of catagories but free willl in being able to change catagories

WJEC Criminology (5 decks)

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