unit 2: healthcare delivery Flashcards
symptoms
body’s attempt to heal itself
-swelling: immobilizing injured joint to allow healing to take place
-fever: makes body less hospitable to infectious agents
-cough: helps clear airway and protect lungs
health literacy
skills to enable access, understanding and use of info for health
important to understand and acquire health info and utilizing it
who is most at risk for poor health literacy
indigenous and marginalized groups –> social determinants such as low education, income barriers for accessing healthcare
evidence based medicine
using the best currently available research evidence w/ clinical judgement and exp and individs values/prefs to make a medical or health decision
double blind
researchers and subjects are unaware
-helps eliminate researcher bias
rct
-randomized controlled trials
-when researchers try to come to an objective conclusion about the intervention being studied
hierarchy of evidence
-systematic reviews and meta analysis
-randomized controlled trials and critical appraisals
-non-randomized controlled trials
-obs studies w/ comparison/cohort groups
-case series and case reports
-expert opinion + background info
otc
-over the counter medications that can be purchased and consumed w/o a prescription
-formerly prescription drugs
-highly effective w/ relieving symptoms and sometimes in curing illnesses
-0can be sold under a brand name or as generic drugs
DIN
drug identification number
-identifies all authorized drug products that are sold in dosage form
-manufacturer, product name, active ingredients, strength of ingredients, pharmaceutical form and route of administration
-packaged w/ monograph –> page w/ details of drug for consumers
CAM
complimentary and alt medicine
- relaxation, herbal medicine, massage, chiropractic
-not conventional medical treatments/health care
-evidence is lower on hierarchy scale bc treatments are difficult to be standardized for the general public and can only be supported through anecdotes which dont show scientific proof that it’s reliable
allopathic
system of medical practice involving diagnosis and treatment of disease
-use of conventional, evidence based measures (drugs or surgery)
why do ppl turn to CAM
boosting immune system, lowering cholesterol lvls, losing weight, quitting smoking, enhancing memory
NHPS
-national health products
-vitamins and minerals
-herbal remedies
-homeopathic medicines
-trad medicines (chinese, Indigenous)
-probiotics
-amino acids and essential fatty acids
-do not require a prescription to be sold and needs a product license
conventional medicine
system of medicine based on application of the scientific method
-called biomedicine or standard western medicine
-disease is caused by identifiable physical factors, isolated biological disturbances
-every disease is defined by a certain set of symptoms
-relies on surgery + medical tech to discover physical causes of disease + to correct, remove, or destroy them
pharmaceuticals
medical drugs, prescription + OTC
characteristics of scientific explanations
-empirical: based on evidence of obj and systematic observ in controlled conditions that can be verified
-rational: rules of logic and consistent
-testable: verifiable
-parsimonious: explains phenomena using fewest # of causes
-general: broad explanatory power
-rigorously evaluated
-tentative: possibility of faulty explanation on better evidence
principles of Canada health act
-universally available to permanent residents
-comprehensive in the services it covers
-accessible w/o income barriers,
-portable within and outside the country
-publicly administered
DO
dr of osteopathic medicine
-undergrad med degree but postgrad training is emphasized on musculoskeletal problems and manipulative therapy
podiatrists
practitioners who specialize in medical/ surgical care of feet
ade
adverse drug events
-medication errors: over prescribed, wrong drug, dangerous combo of drugs
-off-label drug use
-online pharmacies: selling illegal products/practices
-costs
integrative medicine (CAM)
-conceptualizes medicine as allopathic and complimentary/alt
-ALONG WITH
-focusses on integration on mind, body and spirit
5 domains of CAM
-alt medical systems
-mind-body interventions
-bio based therapies
-manipulative and body-based methods
-energy therapies
alt medical systems
-traditional chinese medicine, chiropractic, naturopathy,
-homeopathy
-practiced for thousands of years
-older than when conventional medicine was born
-possible placebo effects in place
tcm
-restores and balances the flow of blocked qi
-treat illness, increase energy, prevent disease and support immune system
-diff diagnosis for same disease
-inspection, listening/smelling. inquiry and palpation
-HERBAL REMEDIES AND ACUPUNCTURE
homeopathy
- like cures like –> substance that produces the symptoms of an illness can cure illness in minute quantities (ex. vaccines)
- remedies become more effective w/ greater dilution
-most controversial CAM
-highly diluted extracts retain forms of bio activity and become more potent and is based on the individ
-generally assumed to be safe
acupuncture
-corrects disturbances in flow of qi through insertion of needles
-relieves pain, nausea/vomiting, osteoarthritis, relieve symptoms of fibromyalgia
-v few negative effects
mind-body intervention
-includes meditation, yoga, visualization, tai ji quan, biofeedback
-psychotherapy, support groups, prayer. music, art, dance therapy
-PLACEBO EFFECT most widely known for mind-body independence
hypnosis
-the induction of a state of deep relaxation where the person is more easily influenced
-reduces chronic pain
-non drug approach to anxiety disorders (phobias and chronic conditions)
-can be used my medical professionals, offered by hypnotherapists
-not insured physician service under Medical Care Insurance Act of 1999
biological-based therapies
-substances derived from plant or animal origin
-herbal therapies or remedies, botanicals, extracts from animal tissues, and dietary supplements
-holistic nutrition
-major component of most indigenous healing modalities
-natural health products
manipulative and body based methods
-massage, acupressure, reflexology, rolfing, CHIROPRACTIC MOSTLY USED
-physical healing techniques
energy therapies
-use energy originating within body or from other sources (electromagnetic fields)
-qigong, therapeutic touch, reiki, bioelectromagnetic based therapies
medicare
canada’s national health insurance program
non-insured health benefits program (NIHB)
-provides eligible first nations and inuit clients
-vision care, dental care, mental health counselling, medical supplies and equipment, prescription + otc medications, medical transportation
5 guiding principles of CHA (canada health act)
-public administration: all administration of provincial health insurance must be carried out by a public authority on a non profit basis
-comprehensiveness: all necessary health services, include hospitals physicians and surgical dentists, must be insured
-universality: all insured residents are entitled to the same level of health care
-portability: a resident that moves to a diff province or territory is still entitled to coverage from their home province
-accessibility: all insured persons have reasonable access to health care facilities
welfare state model
-emerged after depression era, similar western european countries
-physicians are self-employed
-canadian healthcare system
socialist model
-also universal; but all clinics and hospitals are government run physicians are gov employees\
-Cuba healthcare system
free enterprise model
-health care facilities are part of the private sector
-no universal healthcare; insurance companies are for profit
-US healthcare system
