unit 1 Flashcards
what is wellness?
ability to live life fully w/ vitality and meaning
-more holistic, more of the person viewpoint
- PROCESS THAN STATE
what is health
overall condition of a person’s body or mind and to presence of injury
-on going process than state
how is health determined?
influenced by factors beyond your control: genes, age, healthcare system, care in childhood, social determinants of health
how is wellness determined
decisions you make on how you live: maintaining a positive outlook, healthy eating habits, exercising, going for testing, keeping relationships with others, challenging oneself, honoring faith
social determinants of health
income, education, unemployment, working conditions/employment, early childhood development, food insecurity, housing, social exclusion, social network, health services, indigenous status, gender, race, disability
health promotion
playing an active role in decisons related to wellness
dimensions of wellness
physical: body overrall condition and fitness level and ability to care for oneself
emotional: exploring thoughts and feelings, personal satisfaction w/ oneself, self esteem
intellectual: how one challenges themself, always learning new things
interpersonal: ability to develop and maintain satisfying relationships
cultural: way we interact w/ others different from you, accepting and valuing different cultural ways ppl interact w the world
spiritual: possessing a set of guiding beliefs, principles or values that give meaning and purpose to your life –> religion, nature, art, meditation, loved ones, good work
environmental: livability of surroundings and how that supports/ diminishes wellness
financial: ability to live within your means and manage money
occupational: level of happiness and fulfilllment from work and employment
all are interrelated with each other
can we control how long we live?
genes can determine 25% of variability in life span including lifestyle factors such as alc and addiction
-behav plays a bigger role in mitigating risk factors
genes and mortality (neg)
coronary artery disease, modifiable behavs –> cigs, obesity, susceptibility to lung cancer, insulin resistance
genes and mortality (pos)
-give up smoking, maintain high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, attain more education, cope well with stress
history of wellness + life expectancy..?
1921: 1/10 babies died first year of birth, expectancy of normal life was 47 years, many died from pneumonia, tuberculosis, poor environmental conditions
since 1900’s: life expectancy doubled due to vaccines
2019-2020: 7.7% increase of death due to covid
2000’s: cancer, heart disease, covid
15-24 yrs: unintentional injuries, suicide, and cancer
integrated pan canadian healthy living strategy
to address diseases common, preventable risk factors and the underlying conditions in society that contribute to them
-making prevention of disease, disability, and injury and health promotion priorities, decreasing prevalence of childhood obesity
-healthy, physical, healthy weights objectives: increase by 20% participation
dimensions of health?
- sex, gender, income, educ, disability, geographic location, sexual orientation, ethnicity
sex?
men at a higher risk for drinking, women for lower earnings, higher risk for smoking –> cancer
-men more BIOLOGICALLY likely to suffer from certain diseases but less likely to do something about it (70%) whereas women (85%)
ethnicity
african: sickle-cell disease
eastern european jewish and french canadian heritage: tay-sachs disease
northern euro: cystic fibrosis
may be due to diff culture, diets, attitudes for tobacco, alc, other drugs and practices
INDIGENOUS: 4.9% pop w/ increasing birth rates, however have a shorter life expectancy
- 1 1/2- 2x the rate of health disease
-3-5 x rate for type 2 diabetes
-40x rate of infection from tuberculosis
this is due to lifestyle factors: living on reserve and the poor environmental conditions there, alc and substance abuse, unemployment (4x more likely)
income and educ
-highest poverty and least education = worst health status, higher death rates to disease, injury or violence
-ppl living in poverty in wealthy neighbourhoods had higher death rates than lower income areas
disability
22% 15 yrs and older, 1/3 of seniors have some level of disability
-more likely to be inactive and overweight –> higher incidence of depressive episodes than those w/o disabilities
geographic location
< 1/5 canadians live in a rural or remote area
-higher mortality rates, less active, less likely to finish highschool, less access to health services, higher disease and injury related death rates
-less stressed, less diagnosis w/ cancer, stronger sense of community
sexual orientation
3.3 % 15 yrs or older are lgbtq+ w/ health concerns
-increases social pressures: involved in risky behavs such as unsafe sex and substance abuse, depression + anxiety to attempt suicide
higher rates of substance abuse, depression and suicide
factors influencing wellness
lifestyle habits, heredity + family history (errors for genetic disease), environment (home, work, community), access to healthcare (class)
BEHVAVIOUR!!! taking an active change in lifestyle
short and long term of inactive lifestyle
- less physically fit and less able to participate in recreational activities
-increases the risk of weight gain, heart disease, cancer, stroke, premature death
how to change behav?
- you must believe benefits of change outweigh the costs
self efficacy
belief in ability to successfully take action and perform a specific task
how to boost self efficacy?
developing internal locus of control, using visualization and self-talk, getting encouragement from supportive ppl
locus of control
a place where a person designates the source of responsibility for events in their life
those who believe that theyre in control of their lives are in INTERNAL locus of control
those who believe factors BEYOND their control is what determines their lives have EXTERNAL locus of control
internal and external locus of control
internal is advantaged for lifestyle management as it reinforces motivation and commitment
external may sabotage efforts to change behav
health belief model
1950’s and helps suggest that the decisions for disease prevention depend on and can be predicted from certain patterns of beliefs
-reflecting on perceived susceptibility
how severe issue is
perceived benefits of taking action
barriers to taking action
self efficacy
more likely to take preventive action if health threat is serious and susceptible to them, strong belief to so do
stages of change
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
precontemplation
-you dont believe theres a problem and you resist to change
-unaware of risks
-blame external factors
preparation
planning to take action
practicing visualization and self talk
contemplation
-acknowledge benefits of behav change
-aware of barriers that may be difficult to overcome
-dont know how proceed usually
- creating a new self image and thinking before you act
action
outwardly modify behav and environment
requires the greatest commitment and at greatest risk for relapse
maintenance
try to reestablish desired behav even if relapse occurs
-prepare for relapse
-maintain at least 6 months
termination
exited cycle of change
no longer tempted to relapse
new self image
total control w/ target behav
relapse (steps to get out)
-forgive yourself
-give yourself more credit for progress alr made
-move on
SMART
specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-frame specific
specific plan for change
keeping a journal
analyzing recorded data
setting specific goals
devising strats for modifying environment
rewarding yourself
involving others
making a personal contract
life expectancy
of years an individ is EXPECTED to live based on where and when they are born
-avr # of yrs in a given pop
NOT LIFESPAN
lifespan
of yrs an organism are physiologically /biologically wired to
capable of living
life expectancy for sex
m: 79 yrs
f: 83 yrs
medical model of health ( first historical model)
-individ is healthy if absence of disease
sign: something you can see
symptom: something you feel
-goal is to prevent morbidity (illness) and mortality
-focused on disorder than person
-viewed as a scale and state that is linear and simple
- FOCUSSED ON TREATMENT
health through promotion
1970’s: shift in health to increase control and improve their health
promoted healthy lifestyle decisions
empowerment, support, identification of risk factors
FOCUSSED ON PREVENTION INSTEAD OF TREATMENT
health through prevention of illness
personal: responsibility of the person to change their health behavs to reduce risk
community: health promoters target high risk groups and focus on prevention/ early detection
health care provider: physicians can act as a resource to raise awareness and impart knowledge of risk factors
the framingham study
ppl who didnt smoke, drank moderately, physically active, 5 servings of fruits/veg a day lived 14 yrs longer
-smoking, diabetes, obesity, hypertension significantly reduced likelihood of reaching 90
how to improve social determinants of health
-social inclusion, reducing injustice
-high quality public educ and affordable post sec education
-full employment, healthy working conditions, job security
-reduced income disparities
-universal health care access
-adequate housing and food security
-empowering individs to make informed health related decisions
hierarchy of evidence
experimental: scientific method and well-designed research study
epidemiological: seeks to find relationships between variables by looking at trends within pops
clinical: evidence from healthcare profs and clinicians
personal: something you experienced personally
anecdotal: something smo else experienced and told you about
study design for science
-randomized study group
-double blinding and placebo
crossover (control and experimental group w/ drug and effect)
epidemiology (history)
-dr snow w/ cholera and contaminated water
-diseases in 1800’s at the time were “spread by air”
-snow made connections (map) to the contaminated water in a single well from the outbreak
epidemiology: correlation
-correlations NOT CAUSE AND EFFECT
-strength of association
-dose response: risk increase the more the response?
-consistency: studies linked?
-temporarily correct: timing?
-specificity: specific to those affected?
-bio plausibility: mechanism explaining cause and effect?
clinical evidence
- exp of clinicians
-consistent w/ scientific evidence, many not tested scientifically
-not trained as research scientists
clinicians and scientists often work together to improve healthcare
accessing credibility
-go to original source
-watch for misleading lang
-distinguish research reports and public health advice
anecdotes are not facts
-be skeptical
-make choices that are right for you
