Unit 2 Glossary

Question 1

Anabolism

Answer 1

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

Question 3

Monosaccharide

Answer 3

simplest form of carbohydrate, that constitutes the building blocks of more complex sugars

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

The web of all enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism

Question 5

Urea

Answer 5

A molecule created from ammonia and CO2 as the final nitrogenous excretion product of many living organisms

Question 6

Peptide bond

Answer 6

A convalent bond that joins the amine group of an amino acid with the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid, with the release of a molecule of water

Question 7

Saturated fat

Answer 7

Fat with all potential hydrogen binding sites filled in its fatty acid tails

Question 8

Steroids

Answer 8

A lipid based hormone taht is related to the four ring structure of cholesterol

Question 9

Triglyceride

Answer 9

An energy rich compound made up of 1 glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Organic compounds with the general formula (CH2O)n including sugars, starch and cellulose that are an important source of food and energy for animals

Question 11

Proteins

Answer 11

Organic molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds and taking a particular 3d shape

Question 12

Nucleic acid

Answer 12

Linear chains of monomeric nucleotides where each chain is composed of a sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base.

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Organic compounds including waxes, sterols, fats, oils and triglycerides that are insoluble in water but soluble in other non-polar organic solvents

Question 14

Glucose

Answer 14

Monosaccharide sugar that serves as a main source of energy and as an important metabolic substrate for most living organisms

Question 15

Ribose

Answer 15

Monosaccharide found in RNA and other metabolically important compounds

Question 16

Vitalism

Answer 16

Doctrine that dictated that:

• Organic molecules could only be synthesised by living organisms
• Organic molecules were different from inorganic as inorganic lacked a certain non-physical element

Question 17

Hydrogen bond

Answer 17

A weak bond caused by electrostatic attraction between the positively charged part of 1 molecule and the negatively charged part of another.

Question 18

Electronegativity

Answer 18

Tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons

Question 19

Hydrophobic interactions

Answer 19

Forces that cause non-polar molecules to stick together when in water

Question 20

Surface tension

Answer 20

The intermolecular H bonds between water molecules at the surface due to cohesion

Question 21

Specific heat capacity

Answer 21

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 C

Question 22

Latent heat of vaporisation

Answer 22

Energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to a gas

Question 23

Lipoprotein complex

Answer 23

Complex of phospholipids and proteins which form a sphere, carrying cholestreol and lipids inside in the blood plasma

Question 24

Polypeptide

Answer 24

molecule consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Main component (often only component) of many priteins

Question 25

Condesnation

Answer 25

Type of reaction that involves removal of water when amino acids are joined

Question 26

Insulin

Answer 26

Eg of small protein containing 2 polypeptide chains. 1 has 21 while the other has 30 AAs

Question 27

N-C-C

Answer 27

Repeating chain of atoms -> make up backbone of AA

Question 28

Ribosome

Answer 28

Organelle in cell upon which polypeptides are assembled

Question 29

R group

Answer 29

variable group in an AA that is specific to that AA

Question 30

Charged

Answer 30

AAs that have electrically charged hydrophilic side chains (R groups)

Question 31

Conjugated protein

Answer 31

Protein with a prosthetic group attached to it

Question 32

Denaturation

Answer 32

Changes to conformation fo a protein

Question 33

Proteome

Answer 33

all the proteins produced by a cell, tissue or organism; not fixed; unique to each organism

Question 34

Genome

Answer 34

All the genes of a cell, tissue or organism; fixed

Question 35

Amino residue

Answer 35

What is left of AA after water is lost through the condensation reaction during formation of peptide bond

Question 36

Gene

Answer 36

Heritable section fo the DNA that controls a specific trait