unit 2- geo data, nature, sources + maps

Question 1

spatiality

Answer 1

location (sbsolute / relative), spatial distribution + vary across space

Question 2

temporality

Answer 2

location-phenomenon +characteristics can vary over time

Question 3

define measurement scale + types:

Answer 3

measurement of geographical data
nominal: type phenomena represented
ordinal: compare relative size-observation
interval: quantitative + interval not fixed
ratio scale: highest level- measurement

Question 4

resolution

Answer 4

level-detail

Question 5

absolute location

Answer 5

latitude + longitude of point intersect

22~52”21’S 33~13”21’E

Question 6

gradient calculation

Answer 6

1/ gradient = VI/HE (vertical interval / horizontal equivalent)
160-0 (heights
= 160

1,9 x 50 (map distance x scale)
=95m

… 160/95 = 1,5/1 / 1:15

Question 7

true bearing

Answer 7

angle measured from base line which extends through true north (measured clockwise from true north)

Question 8

magnetic bearing

Answer 8

angle measured form baseline which extends through magnetic north
i.o.w true bearing + magnetic declination + magnetic variation= magnetic bearing

Question 9

magnetic declination

Answer 9

diff in angles between true north and magnetic north

Question 10

magnetic variation (annual change)

Answer 10

extend which magnetic declination changes over time

Question 11

map symbols

Answer 11

point symbol: forms dots, circles, letter / icons
line symbol: roads / river: dot string, lines, double lines
area symbol: represents 2D objects: dam, nature reserve

Question 12

topographic map (physical map) +
thematic map:

Answer 12

topo: physical characteristics-earth e.g river, road, mountains
thematic: geographical phenomenon e.g rainfall, population density etc.

Question 13

word scale:

Answer 13

1 cm on the map equals to 500 metres

Question 14

ratio scale:

Answer 14

1: 50 000

Question 15

graphic scale

Answer 15

__l__I__I__I__I__

0 5 10 15 20 25 (m)

Question 16

calculate real area:
e.g maize field
scale: 1:10 000
length 10cm, bredth 5cm

Answer 16

L x scale
B x scale
Answers x by each other= km2

e.g 5cm x 10 000 10 x 10000
=50 000 cm =100 000cm
=500m = 1000 m
=0,5 km = 1 km

…. 0,5 x 1
=0.5 km2

Question 17

conformal

Answer 17

preserves shapes / angles

Question 18

GIS define + characteristics

Answer 18

Geographical information system

• helps create more accurate + complex maps
• measures change over time of place
• stores info in layers (forest areas, soil types, land ownership etc.)
• layers can viewed individually / combination
• digital form (processed easy- computer)

Question 19

Remote sensing technology

Answer 19

process-info gathered about geographical object over distance (without measuring object / measuring device)

Question 20

ecosystem

Answer 20

group living organisms + biosphere interact

Question 21

ecology

Answer 21

study- ecosystems

Question 22

Interrelatedness (Interaction between biosphere + abiotic sphere)
-how 4 spheres interact one another

Answer 22

ABIOTIC->
1) atmosphere (AIR) thin layer gas surround earth
2) hydrosphere (WATER) water on / near surface
3) lithosphere (STONE) earths crust + mantle below crust
BIOTIC->
4) biosphere (LIFE) living organisms (plants, animals+ microorganisms

…organisms of biosphere interact with abiotic spheres:
plants to live +get food; need water to support aquatic life; air for animals + protect against sun rays

Question 23

calculate REAL DISTANCE between two points on map

using map scale AND if its a LINE SCALE

Answer 23

draw+ measure line between points (mm)
answer x map scale
answer in km

IF line scale:
measure 1 unit of line scale e.g 10mm=20km 
draw + measure line between points (mm) e.g 40mm
e.g  if 1cm =20km
           4cm= ?km
take answers and multiple cross 
1cm x ?km    and   4cm x 20 km
= 1?=80  .... ?=80
..real distance is 80 km